The implication of t(1;11) chromosome translocation in Schizophrenia pathogenesis Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness that affects approximately 1% of the adult population.1 Due to its complexity‚ there are many contributions to the genesis of the disease including epigenetic‚ stochastic and environmental factors‚ yet studies on families and twins have proved that the genetic component plays a crucial role.2 Multiple Schizophrenia-associated loci have been identified‚ many of them‚ revealing
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The role of protein in hormone enzyme functions Proteins are very important particles in our cells. Proteins are included in basically all bodily cell functions‚ including cellular regeneration and repair‚ tissue maintenance and regulation‚ hormone and enzyme production (James‚ C.S. Delores). They vary in structure as well as function. Talking about hormone and enzyme production‚ it is important to understand that amino acids are the basic components of hormones‚ which are critical chemical
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Introduction Plasmids are circular‚ double stranded extrachromosomal DNA molecules that are found in bacteria which can self-replicate. They are naturally occurring DNA molecules advantageous to the host bacterium by carrying genes which specify metabolic capacities. (Garrett et al.‚ 2010) Besides‚ plasmids exist in a wide variety of sizes from a few thousands to hundreds of thousands of base pairs. Many plasmids have been engineered to serve as plasmids cloning vectors to carry genes. (Synder et
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Jolly Nguyen 11C Conditions needed for effective enzyme action Aim: To investigate the activity of enzymes and how might the activity be effected in different conditions. Hypothesis: Temperature rises and change of substrate concentration may cause denaturation of the protein of enzymes. So as the temperature rises the amount of active enzyme progressively decreases‚ and the rate is slowed. Exposure to heat causes atoms to vibrate violently and this disrupts bonds within globular proteins
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Enzymes are globular proteins that are synthesized by the ribosomes in a cell. They act as catalysts during biological reactions; therefore‚ enzymes are able to speed up these reactions without undergoing a permanent change themselves. These proteins are able to do this by lowering the activation energy of a reaction. To add on‚ enzymes require specific conditions under which they can work best. Reactions occur at faster rates when the temperature is higher. However‚ the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed
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The effect of pH on enzyme activity Rationale Amylase is an enzyme involved in the digestion system which catalyses the breakdown of starch into sugars. It is not only present in human saliva but also in the pancreas‚ where it hydrolyses dietary starch into disaccharides and trisaccharides which are converted by other enzymes to glucose to supply the body with energy. pH has an effect on the activity of all enzymes‚ including amylase. As the pH level increases‚ the enzyme activity increases‚
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Year 11 IB Biology IA Report 2011 5/31/2011 Enzyme Activity Experiment Introduction 3 AIM 3 Materials 3 Method 4 Result 5 Table 1: 5 Table 2: 5 Graph 1 6 Discussion 6 Conclusion 8 Bibliography 9 Appendix 1 (Test tube 3- 45 degrees) 9 Appendix 2 (Test tube 1- 5 degrees) 9 Appendix 3 (Test tube 2- 20 degrees) 9 Introduction Phenolphthalein is an indicator that is pink in alkaline solutions of about pH10. When the pH drops below pH 8.3 phenolphthalein will
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For this experiment‚ we started off by taking tubes numbered 1-4 and started adding one scoop of our enzyme catalyst‚ in this case‚ the yeast. We then proceeded to measure and add 1 mL of distilled water to test tubes A-D. To get a more accurate measure of 1 mL of distilled water‚ we used the dropper labeled “W” to drop distilled water into the 5 mL graduated cylinder until we saw that the bottom of the water line reached closely to 1 mL. Next‚ we took the four tubes with the scoop of yeast and
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How is pH affecting catalase activity? Hypothesis The catalase activity is assumed to be the most active in pH7. The higher or lower concentration away from the optimum pH of catalase‚ the slower the rate of activity is. Data Collection & Processing I collected the results of pH4‚ pH7‚ pH10 and pH13 after 2 minutes‚ and I repeated the experiment 3 times. Below is a table to show the results‚ their averages and standard deviations: | 1st time (sec) | 2nd time (sec) | 3rd time (sec)
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Laboratory 2: Scientific Methodology & Enzyme Activity Objective: The purpose of this experiment was to simply measure oxygen production rates released from decomposed hydrogen peroxide under different conditions (concentration of enzymes‚ temperature‚ and PH level). Hypothesis: Part a: If different amounts of enzyme solution are added to the hydrogen peroxide‚ then the highest amount of enzymes will have the greatest reaction rate because enzymes catalyze reactions‚ meaning more oxygen
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