w Cambridge Pre-U Teacher Guide Cambridge International Level 3 Pre-U Certificate in BIOLOGY Available for teaching from September 2011 w w e tr .X m eP e ap .c rs om Cambridge Pre-U Teacher Guide University of Cambridge International Examinations retains the copyright on all its publications. Registered Centres are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use. However‚ we cannot give permission to Centres to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a
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PRODUCTION OF VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS FROM USED TYRES THROUGH PYROLYSIS ABSTRACT Pyrolysis has the potential of transforming used tyres into useful recyclable products. This paper demonstrates the conversion of scrap tyres into its primary products which are Pyro Oil and Carbon Black and a secondary value added compound‚ Activated Carbon. Further‚ the objectives of the work also include optimization of parameters such as temperature and feed size to study the efficiency of pyrolysis at different
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As such‚ its outer shell (VALENCE) has the maximum number of electrons (i.e.‚ the outer shell is full). Thus‚ the electron configuration is STABLE. In other words‚ Noble Gases are not reactive. Figure 2 is the element Nitrogen. Its outer shell is NOT full. Thus‚ the electron configuration is UNSTABLE. To become stable (i.e.‚ have an outer shell with the maximum number of electrons)‚ nitrogen will either GIVE AWAY or TAKE electrons from another element. When this happens‚ the NITROGEN ION is
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What are the basic differences between the four types of light microscopes (brightfield‚ darkfield‚ phase contrast and fluorescent)? What are their applications? 6. How do electron microscopes differ from the light microscopes? What are their advantages and disadvantages? 7.* Define the following terms: focal point‚ total magnification‚ resolution‚ refractive index‚ parfocal. 8. Identify the parts of the light compound microscope. What is the function of each? 9. What is a simple stain? Give
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structural unit of life. Cork is a substance which comes from the bark of a tree. In 1665‚ Robert Hooke made the observation of a cell through a self designed microscope. Cell is a Latin word which means ‘a little room’. Important: Cells were first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665. Leeuwenhoek (1674)‚ with the improved microscope‚ discovered the free living cell in pond water for first time. Robert Brown in 1831 discovered the nucleus in the cell. Purkinje in 1839 coined the term
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Theory 1. All living organism are composed of cells 2. Cells come from pre-existing cells 3. Cells are the smallest unit of life * * 2.1.2 * Discuss the reasons for cell theory 1. When organism are looked at under a microscope‚ they are consistently made up of cells 2. Cells carry out asexual reproduction – called Mitosis 3. Cells are the smallest unit of organisms that can carry out all process of life * * 2.1.3 * State Unicellular organisms can
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2) . If a typical membrane is 8 nm wide‚ how many such membranes would have to be aligned up to see in a light microscope? How many with an electron microscope? i) Resolution/resolving power of light microscope = 0.2 nM = 200 nM # Membranes need to be aligned to be seen by light microscope = 200 nM/8 nM = 25 membranes ii) Resolution/resolving power of electron microscope = 2 nM Therefore‚ a single membrane will be visible 3) Human ribosomes are roughly spherical and have a diameter
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chloroplasts lie thylakoids‚ a membrane system that contains pigments which are used to capture light energy. Photosynthesis is also responsible for reducing carbon dioxide into glucose‚ because reducing power is present. Reducing power is made after electrons get excited in the chlorophyll molecule. To carry out the process of reducing carbon dioxide into glucose‚ hydrogen ions must be added to the carbon of carbon dioxide where ATP and NADPH (reducing power) are used to convert carbon dioxide to sugar
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cancer therapy. Quercetin is extracted and purified using chromatographic and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. PLGA-heparin (PLGAh) and PLGA-heparin-quercetin (PLGAh+Q) loaded microspheres were characterized for morphology using scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The PLGAh and PLGAh-Q microspheres were tested for its cytotoxicity against MCF-7 lines.
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PHYSICS OF THE PAST One hundred years ago‚ in a poky apartment in Bern‚ Switzerland‚ Albert Einstein‚ then just a 26-year-old patent office clerk still working part-time towards his PhD‚ published five ground breaking scientific papers. Each of these papers‚ written during Einstein’s annus mirabilis ‚ has become a "classic" in the history of science: On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light ‚ which discusses optical photons and photoelectric effects. Molecular
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