16th Amendment- Status of Income Tax Clarified. Ratified 2/3/1913 What it is- The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes‚ from whatever source derived‚ without apportionment among the several States‚ and without regard to any census or enumeration. Reason for ratification- In 1895‚ in the Supreme Court case of Pollock v Farmer’s Loan and Trust (157 U.S. 429)‚ the Court disallowed a federal tax on income from real property. The tax was designed to be an indirect
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The 16th Century Ideas That Echo Through Modern Science “The history of science is part of the history of mankind. It is a record of one aspect of the human struggle to achieve security and certainty in an ever-changing universe.” (Levy‚ 3) Science is an ever expanding subject and reaches out into almost every aspect of our lives. Before the sixteenth-century science as we know it did not exist. Natural philosophy‚ and astronomy were the main focus of the time. These two fields were highly
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During the 17th century‚ the Netherlands appears to become a very powerful country‚ as well as from an economic and political point of view‚ or from a cultural point a view. Dutch artists come up with new styles of paintings and new techniques‚ and it seems that Dutch patrons give more freedom to artists‚ compared to Italian patrons. Painters like Vermeer opt for classic scenes of daily life‚ i.e. “genre paintings”‚ as we can see it when observing his Het Schilderkunst. The work of art depicts
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Racial Issues in the 17th Century During the 17th century‚ colonialism led to the development of both the social‚ racial and political institutions. An example is the act of slavery‚ especially in the second society‚ after the emergence of the first society from Asia. The first society settled in the present day Alaska. Up to date‚ it is not yet known how most of the black Americans that were taken from Africa to the United States of America as slaves settled. In his book‚ “The Society Must be
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The Similarities and Differences of 17th Century Japan and Europe (1500 to 1700) Japan‚ from 1500 to almost 1700‚ was undergoing a major transformation. The Society of Jesus was founded by Ignatius Loyola and approved by Pope Paul III as a religious order within the Catholic Church in 1540. Francis Xavier was the first Jesuit sent to preach religion outside of Europe. Three Portuguese traders whose ship was blown to Japan in 1542 or 1543 are the first
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inevitably leads to either a positive or negative outcome for the researcher. When the result fails to coexist with the original theory the focus of the research begins to shift. Let’s now shift to Kuhn’s focus on the three focus points of factual scientific investigation. First‚ Kuhn states that there is an “attempt to increase the accuracy and scope with which facts like these are known occupy a significant fraction of literature of experimental and observational science. For example‚ Newton’s law
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The economies of Cuba and Puerto Rico are very similar during the 16th‚ 17th‚ and 18th centuries. As Spain colonized these two islands in the 16th century under the idea that gold was abundant. Thus in turn the islands became a safe port for Spain and her vessels. It also set out to be a huge migration from the Spain to the islands‚ because everyone was set to search for gold. . This turned out to be short lived as the mining of gold peaked in 1517 till 1819. By Spain using Cuba and Puerto Rico for
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----------------------- |English Language and Foundation Studies Centre | | |CALLAGHAN Room MCLG49‚ McMullin Building |[pic] | |OURIMBAH Room HO 161‚ Humanities Building | | Foundation Studies
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Most of the land in the Chesapeake region during the 1600s was part of a plantation‚ plantations which were a major player in the shaping of the society both economically and socially. Plantations slowed the growth of cities and hindered the development of an advanced economy. Few merchant class folk existed. Most people were either a plantation owners or workers. A lack of a middle class meant few consumers‚ and many industries never arose to a great extent. Most goods were bought by the rich landowners
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bacteriological revolution in the 19th century? Introduction The changes in medicine‚ and particularly epidemiology‚ that took place during the 19th century‚ concentrated in the latter half of the century‚ are often referred to as a revolution by medical historians. Here I consider whether these changes exemplify a Kuhnian revolution. To do this I first outline the characteristics of a Kuhnian revolution‚ I will then outline the changes in medical practice over the 19th century. I will then consider
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