nutrient inside the cell‚ even if it is against the concentration gradient. When comparing the concentration of nutrient‚ the cytosol often has a higher concentration of nutrients compared to the periplasm and‚ possibly the environment (depending on how nutrient rich the environment is. For the periplasm‚ it will have a lower concentration of nutrient compared to the environment and the cytosol because as nutrients enter the periplasm‚ they are take up and pumped into the cell by the transporter.
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Liposomes Definition and background10 Liposomes were discovered in the early 1960’s and subsequently studied as cell membrane models. They have since gained recognition in the field of drug delivery. Liposomes are spherical vesicles which can be thought of as a hollow sphere they are composed of a bilayer membrane which entraps an aqueous core. The particle size of liposomes ranges from 20 nm to 10 μm in diameter. Liposomes vary in charge and in size depending on their manufacturing protocol
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was used to mimic a cell membrane. Two ways why this model realistically represents a cell is because the dialysis bag is semi-permeable‚ like a cell. The bag was able to allow water in‚ as the size of the water molecule was small enough to be able to fit through the pores of the bag. Sucrose was not able to pass through as the molecules were too big to enter. This is similar to a cell because the size of a molecule can determine whether or not the substance can enter the cell through diffusion. Larger
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paracrine ‚ autocrine signaling‚ and cell-cell contact (Fig. 15-2). Endocrine signaling is long distance signaling. An example would be pancreatic cells secreting insulin. Paracrine signaling is for close proximity. An example would be a nerve cell releasing neurotransmitters. In autocrine signaling the cell that produces the ligand also contains the receptor for that ligand. This is how cancer cells work. In signaling by plasma membrane attached proteins‚ the target cell does something in response to
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osmosis‚ turgor pressure: Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a cell membrane. When osmosis results in water molecules entering a plant cell‚ the molecules exert a pressure against the cell wall‚ called turgor pressure. 3. hypertonic‚ plasmolysis : hypertonic solution has a higher solute concentration than the cytosol of a cell. In a hypertonic solution a plant cell will lose water and shrink away from the cell wall‚ a process called plasmolysis. MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. d 2. b 3. a 4
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Introduction: Diffusion and osmosis are passive processes of transport. Passive transport involves no disbursement of energy by the cell. Diffusion movement is from high concentration to low concentration‚ which the driving force for this type of movement is kinetic energy particles themselves. Which crystal (Methylene blue‚ solid or Potassium Permanganate KMnO4-purple) will move further than the other due to the driving force (kinetic energy)? My prediction is that Potassium Permanganate KMnO4-
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Chapter 4: Membrane Structure and Function Fluid Mosaic Model 1. Consistency of membrane is solid enough to form a boundary‚ but flexible and permeable like a fluid. 2. Proteins scattered throughout - Embedded or on the surface - Can move around laterally 3. Phospholipid from bilayer‚ make up most of membrane 4. Glycolipids have carbohydrate chains attached. 5. Hydrophilic heads point out/into the cell 6. Hydrophobic tails point out towards each other Proteins 1. Glycoproteins: have
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Simple diffusion The term simple diffusion refers to a process whereby a substance passes through a membrane without the aid of an intermediary such as a integral membrane protein. The force that drives the substance from one side of the membrane to the other is the force of diffusion. In order for substances to pass through a cell membrane by simple diffusion it must penetrate the hydrophobic core of the phospholipid bilayer. The types of molecules that can do this are themselves substantially
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together and also tied somehow to the foundation. Similarly‚ cells within tissues and organs must be anchored to one another and attached to components of the extracellular matrix. Cells have developed several types of junctional complexes to serve these functions‚ and in each case‚ anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells as well as to proteins in the extracellular matrix.
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intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid in the first observation is completely obvious. When reading the words intracellular and extracellular it can be seen that one is the interior of the cell and the other is the exterior of the cell. Intracellular fluid is restricted to the interior of the cell‚ and the cell membrane is the borderline of cytosol or cytoplasmic matrix. The compartments of the intracellular fluid are very important to know‚ as it contains mostly water with some ions such as chloride
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