Outline and evaluate the behavioural approach to abnormality. (12 marks) The behavioural approach suggests that all behaviour is learnt. This includes abnormal behaviours. Behaviours can be learned through classical conditioning‚ operant conditioning or modelling. Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning‚ where learning results from the association of stimuli with reflex responses. Classical conditioning can be used to explain the development of many abnormal behaviours‚ including phobias
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blo gspo t.co m/2011/08/systems-appro ach-to -management-by.html Systems Approach To Management by Bertalanffy Systems Approach To Management T he word System is taken f rom a Greek language which means to bring together or to combine. A system is a set of inter-related parts‚ which work together to achieve certain goals. Image Credits © Pablo Alf ieri. Ludwig von Bertalanffy is called the Father of the Systems Approach. According to Ludwig von Bertalanf f y‚ "In order to understand an organised
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What is Ethics? A few years ago‚ sociologist Raymond Baumhart asked business people‚ “What does ethics mean to you?” Among the replies were the following: “Ethics has to do with what my feelings tell me is right or wrong.” “Ethics has to do with my religious beliefs.” “Being ethical is doing what the law requires.” “Ethics consists of the standards of behavior our society accepts.” These replies might be typical of your own. The meaning of “ethics” is hard to pin down and views of many
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A Fresh Approach towards Internalization: A Need of an Hour In India In Finance‚ cross-border transactions can be achieved at near-zero transactions costs using modern technology. In comparison‚ trade in goods has a more limited potential given the larger transportation costs. In Finance‚ there is a natural pressure for households to diversify their holdings internationally so as to achieve a free lunch of reduced risk. There is no comparable pressure in trade in goods which naturally encourages
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BEHAVIORISM Fred Luthans‚ James B. Avey and Brett Luthans Definition Behaviorism is a theoretical foundation with roots in psychology with an intentional focus on observable‚ measurable behavior as the primary unit of analysis (Luthans‚ Youssef‚ & Luthans‚ 2005). Behaviorism systematically analyzes the relationships between an individual’s behavior and environmental contingencies. The study and practice of behaviorism emphasizes predicting and controlling/managing behavior and thus is especially
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study: the areas of focus they choose to approach in distinct ways. As a result‚ challenges encountered in a particular academic sphere are met head on by the experts in that particular department. However‚ many problems have been solved only as a result of combining the unique features of a variety of academic subjects. In other words‚ an interdisciplinary approach was adopted. Despite this‚ there have been many situations in which this interdisciplinary approach has led to difficulties in the production
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ALCAR approach: the Alcar Group Inc. a management education and software company‚ developed an approach to VBM which is based on discounted cash flow analysis Determinants of shareholder value: according to Alfred Rappaport author of creating share holder value; a guide to managers and investors‚ who is regarded as father of share holder value‚ the following seven factors called “value drivers” affect shareholder value 1. Rate of sales growth 2. Operating profit margin 3. Income tax rate 4. Investment
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INTRODUCTION The reason that I have chosen the psychoanalytic theory and the approaches that are used within the psychoanalytic approach as they look at what has happened within childhood and how it can have an effect on a person later in life. Many people have carried childhood experiences around for many years and have not been able deal with the situation‚ they are unable to talk about the experience and this can have a greater affect on how they deal with life issues. By going to see a councillor
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POSITIVE APPROACH Attitude is the most important trait that lifts a man from his present position to the top most. A person who is very positive will spread his positive spirit in al the directions which helps him in unbelievable achievements. This is hard fact of life that whatever be the status of a man‚ his positive attitude always makes him to be the top in his crowd. I have seen many of my superiors and colleagues‚ who were totally negative in their approach‚ had been written off from
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itself. 4. An enhancement of the learner’s own personal experiences as important contributing elements to classroom learning. 5. An attempt to link classroom language learning with language activities outside the classroom. The Communicative Approach emphasizes that the ability to use language appropriately is another essential aspect of communicative competence. The principle applied here is that grammatical competence and lexical knowledge are not enough to enable students to operate efficiently
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