Nicotine has been used since the 1800s for cultural activities and therapeutic effects. The American Indians used tobacco with nicotine as a powerful insecticide for seed protection and as a human vermifuge. The Shamans used high doses of nicotine to induce catatonic state intoxication which represented symbolic death. Due to the short half-life and quick elimination of nicotine‚ these people returned to full consciousness after a few hours. Nicotine is currently being tested for its medical therapeutic
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Psychiatric Disorders‚ Diseases‚ and Drugs Conditions that are characterized by the individual presenting with behaviors that are defined as abnormal are termed psychiatric disorders o psychiatric disease. An abnormal behavior is one that has been defined within the field of mental health as being atypical or unusual. Those patients who are diagnosed as suffering psychiatric disorders or diseases may have altered perceptions of reality or have impaired abilities to interpret reality. This alteration
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The nAChR is unusual among receptors in that agonist-induced desensitization leads to an up-regulation of the receptor. Ligand interactions occur with various discrete forms of the receptor as originally proposed in 1958 by Katz and Thesleff‚ e.g.‚ open‚ resting‚ and desensitized states that are in equilibrium (Lena and Changeux‚ 1993). In addition to the acetylcholine (ACh) binding site‚ the nAChR‚ like other LGICs‚ e.g.‚ GABAA(benzodiazepine‚ neurosteroid‚ and barbiturate) andN-methyl-D-aspartate
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Atazanavir (ATV) boosted with low dose of ritonavir (rit) is a Protease Inhibitor used as part of alternative antiretroviral regimen in drug-naïve PLWHIV according to numerous national and regional guidelines‚ hence for almost a decade was used as part of first line / preferred / recommended regimen3. More than half of patients on atazanavir experience elevated bilirubin levels‚ which can reach grade 3-4 in approximately one third of all cases4. In ACTG 5237‚ 8% of the patients discontinued ATV due
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An insufficient level of serotonin (chemical messenger in the brain) has been recognized as a probable cause for this illness. Individuals who take medication to increase their level of serotonin have proven to have lesser symptoms of OCD. Obsessive compulsive disorder may also stem from behaviour related habits. These habits are usually learnt over time.
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For my I-Search I have chosen to write about Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). I have been interested in the disorder ever since I came across a woman with OCD in goodwill while I was in St. Louis. I was with my cousin and sister at the time and we were relaxing in chairs near the bathroom while waiting for our parents to be done finding a brand new‚ old pair of jeans. While relaxing in the chairs‚ my cousin and I noticed a girl go into the bathroom‚ but not close the door all the way and then
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monoamines are a group of neurotransmitters which include serotonin‚ noradrenaline and dopamine. You will recognise the latter‚ dopamine‚ from the biological offering of an explanation for schizophrenia. The monoamines are believed to regulate mood. One of the functions of serotonin is to regulate the other neurotransmitters. Without the regulation provided by serotonin‚ erratic brain functioning and thinking patterns occur. Low levels of serotonin produces low levels of noradrenaline (a neurotransmitter
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depression‚ including major depression‚ seem to run in families and can be genetic. The disorder is directly associated with changes to levels of chemicals in the brain such as serotonin and norepinephrine. Recent research conducted at Rockefeller University shows that in patients who suffer from depression. Their levels of serotonin p11 protein
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Simply put‚ selective mutism‚ also called SM‚ is an anxiety disorder so severe that it prohibits people from speaking. Selective mutism is associated with the phobia of talking and is most common in children. It is frequently developed from a mixture of genetic anxiety‚ post-traumatic stress disorder‚ and physical issues in the brain. Amygdala is a part of the brain that controls a human’s fight or flight response‚ but in people with selective mutism‚ the amygdala is damaged
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period‚ but has intermediate support for improvement with ongoing support after. Last‚ there is biological treatments‚ the study of genetic and developmental mechanisms of behaviors. Treatments aim to restore biological imbalances‚ such as lack of serotonin. In addition‚ drugs are prescribed for
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