The Urdu-English Controversy in Pakistan Author(s): Tariq Rahman Source: Modern Asian Studies‚ Vol. 31‚ No. 1 (Feb.‚ 1997)‚ pp. 177-207 Published by: Cambridge University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/312861 . Accessed: 02/03/2011 04:06 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR ’s Terms and Conditions of Use‚ available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR ’s Terms and Conditions of Use provides‚ in part‚ that unless you have obtained
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century‚ this system of government‚ known as feudalism‚ could be found throughout most of Western Europe. 2. Tribute System of Pre-Imperial Mongolia During the Pre-Imperial Mongolian era‚ Genghis Khan and his army overran Beijing and pushed the empire towards northern China. His success as Khan helped as people got the impression that he had the Mandate of Heaven and that fighting against him was fighting heaven itself. The people of surrounding empires recognized the Mongol authority and agreed
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Although taking a harsher approach to conquering China‚ the Mongols’ barbarity does not compare to the impact they have made improving the country. The leader of the Mongols‚ Genghis Khan‚ had only one objective to bring the Mongol clans of the region under one leadership. Years later‚ his grandson‚ Kubilai Khan‚ maintained ties with other khanates achieving security across much of Asia. This period is called pax Mongolica or “the Mongolian peace.” Kubilai expanded his holdings in China by defeating
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throughout history. Ruled by Genghis Khan‚ they were an empire that sought out and conquered whatever they could. Throughout their reign‚ many different opinions began to form about it. Through these different attitudes‚it can be seen that some viewed the Mongols as a admirable and respectful empire while other saw them as deceiving and ruthless. There are those regard the empire with admiration. A chronicler Muslim had the idea that under the reign of Genghis Khan‚ all the countries enjoyed such peace
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Document 1 shows that Genghis Khan‚ a Mongolian leader‚ conquered 4‚860‚000 square miles of land. Genghis Khan also made sure that every soldier had someone in charge of them‚ allowing no room for mistakes. He organized the army in a way that every ten people had a ¨captain of ten¨ and every 10 of these captains had a ¨captain
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very wealthy by trading goods with the Middle East. He was seventeen when his father and uncle took him on his first journey to China in 1271. Marco Polo travelled to China over the Silk Road which was an overland route to China. He worked for Kublai Khan‚ the Mongol Emperor‚ for seventeen years. He sailed home instead of going overland. Marco Polo brought back ivory‚ jade‚ jewels‚ porcelain‚ silk and also stories about the Chinese use of coal‚ money and compasses. Marco Polo became famous for his travels
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of those regions. When the Khubilai Khan and his Mongols came for China‚ they did so with great force. The two armies met on the North China plain‚ the armies of Jin numbering 10‚000 compared to the Mongols cavalry of some 200‚000 horsemen. Once the obvious outcome came about‚ the Mongols moved south and defeated the Sony army with gun-powder based weapons that they had borrowed from the Chinese‚ who did not expect them to be used against them. Once Khubilai Khan had finished the ruling emperor of
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class we have determined that leaders need background information and experience before they can lead. Genghis Khan and Richard I are no exception to these base ideas. Both leaders were influential on their people‚ but they are both seen as very different people today. Between leaders there is always one that i more successful‚ in this case it happens to be Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan exemplifies an influential leader by his impact on his people. Before Genghis‚ the Mongols were an accomplished
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North China Genghis Khan’s first serious target was North China‚ their army of 200‚000 rode east. Numerous cities felt Mongol brutality. Slaughter was so great‚ streets were greasy of human fat and flesh. Russia and Eastern Europe In 1227 Genghis Khan died‚ so one of his four sons took over. After a long argument‚ Ogedei ordered an attack on Russia and Eastern Europe. Ogedei predicted a long 18 years it would take‚ an army of 50‚000 soldiers on horses‚ Persian and Chinese engineers‚ and 20‚000 draftees
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Chinggis used military intelligence with his own people to break tradition‚ and created a non-tribal structure or a postal relay system to send messages immediately before conquering. Fear was just plainly casted in their enemies‚ such as Chinggis Khan using human shields‚ “He despised city dwellers and would sometimes use them as living shields in the next battle.” (Page 298). Then after conquering a city he would send envoys to other cities and demand submission. If they declined he would destroy
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