One of the most widely used concepts in finance is that shareholders require a risk premium over bond yields to bear the additional risks of equity investments. While models such as the two-parameter capital asset pricing model (CAPM) or arbitrage pricing theory offer explicit methods for varying risk premia across securities‚ the models are invariably linked to some underlying market (or factor-specific) risk premium. Unfortunately‚ the theortical models provide limited practical advice on establishing
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Chapter 158 Distributions to Shareholders: Dividends and Repurchases ANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS 158-1 a. The optimal distribution policy is one that strikes a balance between dividend yield and capital gains so that the firm’s stock price is maximized. b. The dividend irrelevance theory holds that dividend policy has no effect on either the price of a firm’s stock or its cost of capital. The principal proponents of this view are Merton Miller and Franco Modigliani (MM). They
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Requirements for Valid Action at a Shareholder Meeting * Read statute‚ bylaws and articles * 1. Authority for the meeting * 2. Proper notice (or waiver of notice) * 3. Quorum * 4. Required number of votes cast in favor 1. Authority for Meeting * The meeting must be authorized * Look to statute and bylaws for authorization * Annual meetings MBCA §7.01 * Special meetings MBCA § 7.02 * Court ordered meetings MBCA § 7.03
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we are going to explain the role of shareholders‚ directors and partners in the different types of business; and then we will see the importance of legal constraints on decision making within business organisations. 1- THE ROLE OF THE SHAREHOLDERS: There are no shares in the sole trader and partnership ownership; that is why shareholders do not apply in these two types of businesses. In Private Limited Companies‚ there must be at least two shareholders but no maximum number. The principal
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than to maximize their own profit. This view is called “Shareholder Theory”. Friedman argued that a company should have no social responsibility to the public or society because it’s only concern is to increase profits for itself and for its shareholders. He states that‚ when companies concern themselves with the community rather than focusing on profits‚ it leads to totalitarianism. In this traditional view of the firm‚ the shareholders or stockholders are the owners of the company‚ and the firm
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Maximizing Shareholder Value: The Role of the Financial Manager Today ’s business world shows a huge diversification in the shareholders of one company. In most countries‚ each investor only holds a very small fraction of issued shares by one corporation. This includes also the senior management. Determining the objectives of the firm is not necessarily a straightforward task because the typical firm will have many types of participants. Among these participants are shareholders‚ creditors
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Memo to Shareholders – Carpino Company To: Shareholders‚ Carpino Company Inc. From: Subject: First Year Performance of Carpino Company Introduction Upon completion of Carpino Company’s first year of business‚ it is with great satisfaction that I present to you the year end Cash Flow Statement and analysis for the period ended January 31‚ 2007. You will notice the statement as presented shows in detail the various operating‚ investing‚ and financing activities of the organization. Analysis
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The power of shareholders. ‘’Being shareholders has two sides‚ One side is being a financier of the company. The financer is mostly a investor looking for a place to drop his money and make money. On the other side the shareholder is the owner of the company’’ - Peter Blom‚ CEO Triodos Bank. This is a sustainable bank founded in the Netherlands and also located in the United Kingdom‚ Belgium‚ Germany‚ Spain and France. In this company I did my internship in the fall semester of 2013. It is a
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Stakeholder versus Shareholder Stakeholder theory thinks that the enterprise is a series of contracts with various stakeholders to form various stakeholder consultations‚ the outcome of a transaction‚ whether investors‚ managers‚ employees‚ customers‚ suppliers‚ or government departments‚ community‚ etc.‚ they are enterprise-specific investments and bear the risks. On the other hand‚ Shareholder theory thinks that not only the market will be sound‚ permanent‚ and viable‚ but also the ethical issues
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objectives. Those can be different for management and for the owners. Managers tend to satisfy their own well being rather then acting on the best interests of the owners. Shareholders would like to see the increasing value of the stock from year to year. The separation of ownership from control lead to less power of shareholders over the manager’s behavior as well as less awareness of how efficient the decisions are made. 2. Profit maximizing firm assumes the horizontal marginal revenue curve and
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