November 15‚ 1917) was a French sociologist. He formally established the academic discipline and‚ with Karl Marx and Max Weber‚ is commonly cited as the principal architect of modern social science.[1] Durkheim set up the first European department of sociology at the University of Bordeaux in 1895‚ publishing his Rules of the Sociological Method. In 1896‚ he established the journal L ’Année Sociologique. Durkheim ’s seminal monograph‚ Suicide (1897)‚ a study of suicide rates amongst Catholic and Protestant
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1. AUGUSTE COMTE (1798-1857) The foundation of classical sociological theory was laid by persons with formal training outside sociology‚ for the simple reason that there was no sociology before this foundation was laid. In generations hitherto‚ attempts to understand human life on earth were expressed in religious rather than sociological terms. Auguste Comte was among the first thinkers to apply scientific methods to understand society. In the process‚ he came up with the first known sociological
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its principles generally contrast those approaches that emphasize the "micro"‚ such as interpretivism or symbolic interactionism. Its emphasis on "cohesive systems"‚ however‚ also holds political ramifications. Functionalist theories are often therefore contrasted with "conflict theories" which critique the overarching socio-political system or emphasize the inequality of particular groups. The works of Durkheim and Marx epitomize the political‚ as well as theoretical‚ disparities‚ between functionalist
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Sociology is defined as the scientific study of human society and social behavior although whether to classify sociology as a science has been debatable. French philosopher Auguste Comte first coined the term in 1838 from the Greek word ‘socio’ meaning interaction or association of individual and the Latin word ‘logy’ meaning study of a particular subject. Science is the systematic knowledge of the physical or material world gained through observation and experimentation. Methodology used in science
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CULTURAL MEANING The meaning humans give to actions‚ concepts and behaviours is dependent on the cultural milieu and is conditioned to a great extent by the underlying meaning systems‚ values and frames of meaning he/she inherites from the society in general. Socialization plays a direct role in that process. Education‚ effects of peers and the intellectual atmosphere all contribute to what is called cultural meaning or systems of meaning. Cultural meaning conditions our perception and determines
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What is sociology? We can start by saying that sociology is the systematic study of human society. Sociology should be more than you find in a good documentary on a social issue. It is certainly more than listings of facts and figures about society. Instead it becomes a form of consciousness a way of thinking‚ a critical way of seeing the social. Seeing the general in the particular. In his short book ‘Invitation to Sociology’(1963) characterized the sociological perspective as seeing the general
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Jan 2009 (a) Explain what is meant by the ‘expressive role’ (Item 2A‚ line 5). (2 marks) (b) Suggest two ways in which ‘family life may have a harmful effect on women’ (Item 2A‚ lines 6 – 7). (4 marks) (c) Suggest three reasons for the decrease in the death rate since 1900. (6 marks) (d) Examine the ways in which childhood can be said to be socially constructed. (24 marks) (e) Using material from Item 2B and elsewhere‚ assess the view that the nuclear family is no longer the norm. (24
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3 FIELDWORK AND ITS INTERPRETATION Theory without data is empty‚ but data without theory are blind. — C. Wright Mills FIELDWORK Anthropology distinguishes itself from the other social sciences through the great emphasis placed on ethnographic fieldwork as the most important source of new knowledge about society and culture. A field study may last for a few months ‚ a year‚ or even two years or more‚ and it aims at developing as intimate an understanding as possible of the phenomena investigated
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Using material from item 2B and elsewhere assess different sociological explanations of changes in the status of childhood. (24 marks) Childhood is socially constructed‚ the only reason that ’childhood’ exists is because society makes it that way. Over time childhood has changed as different norms and values over each century of life have been different and are still changing today. Also in different places of the world there are different cultures and ethics so therefore their view of childhood
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1. While watching the film there were many moments that struck me as interesting. The first moment that struck me the most was when Jean Reynolds‚ who is a 51 year old‚ certified nursing assistant‚ daughter said she had cancer. That she would not live for long because Jean could not afford to get her daughter treatment. The second moment that struck me was when Barbara Brooks‚ a 36 year old‚ single mother said that she was “hustling backwards”. She wants to provide for her children‚ and is even trying
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