single-switch chopper was discussed in Chapter 2‚ where it was shown that the average output voltage could be varied by periodically switching the battery voltage on and off for varying intervals. The principal difference between the thyristor-controlled rectifier and the chopper is that in the former the motor current always flows through the supply‚ whereas in the latter‚ the motor current only flows from the supply terminals for part of each cycle. A single-switch chopper using a transistor‚ MOSFET
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and Boost (Step up) The Matrix Converter (MC) topology was first introduced by Gyugyi in 1976 [2]. It is mainly used for AC-AC conversion. Other name for MC is PWM cycloconverter. It provides the all-silicon solution for AC-AC conversion by removing the DC link‚ which issued in conventional rectifier-inverter based system. Other advantages of MC are good input power quality‚ potentiality of increasing power density‚ reducing size and cost‚ bidirectional energy flow. The single phase matrix converter
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CHAPTER TWO 2.0. LITERATURE REVIEW In a commercial transaction system‚ a system user uses a card device to interact with sales or transaction terminals to conduct cashless transactions. Each terminal processes data including a balance stored on the card device and updates the stored data at the end of the transaction. The system is specially designed for purchases of items or transactions of relatively small monetary value‚ where purchases are generated unattended by salespersons. In this manner
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of components. Some of these components are termed as active components because they take part in the transformation of the energy while other components‚ which only dissipate or store energy‚ are called as passive elements. The vacuum tubes‚ rectifier‚ transistors are some of-the common active while the resistances‚ which dissipate the power and energy storing elements such as capacitances and inductances are known as passive elements. The transformers may be regarded as a matching device.
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diodes. We will restrict ourselves here to just two types‚ germanium and silicon. The only differences between the two that are significant to us will be the: 1. Voltage necessary to maintain current flow in the positive direction—approx. 0.1 to 0.3 for germanium‚ approx. 0.5 to 0.9 for silicon. 215 216 Chapter 13—AC MEASUREMENT 2. Peak inverse voltage rating (explained in the text). 3. Power-handling capability (silicon is far more capable). Figure 13–1 represents a diode schematically. Current
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16 6. FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER 26 7. FET CHARACTERISTICS 31 8. h-PARAMETERS OF CE CONFIGURATION 36 9. TRANSISTOR CE AMPLIFIER 43 10. COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER 48 11. RC COUPLED AMPLIFIER 53 12. COMMON SOURCE FET AMPLIFIER 58 13. WEIN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR 63 14. RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR 66 15. CURRENT-SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER 71 16. VOLTAGE-SERTES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER 77 17. HARTLEY OSCILLATOR 83 18. COLPITT’S OSCILLATOR 87 19. SILICON-CONTROLLED RECTIFIER(SCR) CHARACTERISTICS
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SEMICONDUCTORS ELTE 1403 Forward biased diode: cathode anode Varactor is a silicon diode optimized for its variable capacitance when reversedbiased. Used for tuning frequencydependent equipment. Zener Diode is designed to operate in the breakdown region; used for voltage regulation. Varactor Zener N + P electron flow depletion layer An ideal diode acts like a closed switch when forward biased and an open switch when reverse biased. 1st approximation calculations assume
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Si and Ge both have negative temperature coefficients. 7) The amount of energy that is converted to heat at a silicon p-n junction can be a significant design consideration. 8) A normalized value has a reference magnitude of one. 9) The reverse breakdown voltage of an LED is typically less than 12 V. 10) The amount of photon energy emitted at the p-n junction of a silicon diode is negligible. 11) The characteristic of an ideal diode are those of a switch that can conduct current
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excitement both in science fiction and among scientists due to the prospect of size reduction in electronics offered by such minute components. It is an enticing alternative to extend Moore’s Law beyond the foreseen limits of small-scale conventional silicon integrated circuits. Often molecular electronics is envisioned as the next step in device miniaturization. The importance of molecules in device applications stems not only from their electronic properties‚ but also from their ability to bind
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The 7 Most Common Metalloids Boron Silicon Germanium Arsenic Antimony Tellurium Polonium Their Uses: Boron -Amorphous boron is used in pyrotechnic flares to provide a distinctive green colour‚ and in rockets as an igniter. The most important compounds of boron are boric (or boracic) acid‚ widely used as a mild antiseptic‚ and borax which serves as a cleansing flux in welding and as a water softener in washing powders. Boron compounds are also extensively used in the manufacture of borosilicate
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