Levetiracetam Levetiracetam is probably a major breakthrough in the treatment of epilepsies. It is a highly effective‚ broad-spectrum‚ one of second generation AED with a unique mechanism of action. Chemical structure: Levetiracetam is a single enantiomer‚ (S)-α-ethyl-2-oxo-pyrrolidine acetamide. Its molecular formula is C8H14N2O2 and its molecular weight is 170.21. It is chemically unrelated to any of the other antiepileptic drugs. It is a white to off-white powder with a faint odor and bitter
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Case Study 3 – Congestive Heart Failure Patient Case Question 1. Based on the limited amount of information given above‚ do you suspect that this patient has developed left-sided CHF‚ right-sided CHF‚ or total CHF? right-sided CHF Patient Case Question 2. How did you arrive at your answer to Question 1? right-sided CHF = fluid may back up into your abdomen‚ legs and feet‚ causing swelling. Patient Case Question 3. What is a likely cause for this patient’s heart failure? Increasing
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Introduction Chronic kidney disease is defined as presence of kidney damage or decreased kidney function for three or more months‚ irrespective of the cause[1]. Persistent damage or decrease in kidney function for at least three months‚ is necessary to differentiate between acute and chronic renal disease. There are different stages of CKD and different diagnostic methods by which it can be diagnosed. Stages of CKD: Stage1 − GFR >90 mL/min per 1.73 m2 Stage 2 − GFR 60 to 89 mL/min per 1.73
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Blood Water Homeostasis or Osmoregulation Osmoregulation is the process by which the body regulated the osmotic pressure of any organism’s fluids in order to keep the homeostasis of the organisms’ water level constant. Therefore osmoregulation is used to keep the bodily fluid from being too diluted or too concentrated. An osmotic pressure is used to measure the ability of water to move from one solution to another solution through osmosis. Osmotic pressure refers to tendency for a liquid solution
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Chapter 2 Case Study Summary 1: 21-year old woman that has had type 1 diabetes for the past 8 years‚ was brought to the hospital in a coma. She was prescribed to take 92 units of insulin a day to maintain her sugar levels within normal limits and prevent excess sugar in her urine. Upon admission she was hypontensive‚ tachycardic and hyperventilating. Her labs show she is acidonic‚ arterial blood carbon dioxide levels were low‚ blood oxygen tension is normal‚ bicarbonate levels are
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The glomeruli have membranes that allow the right amount of space for water and small molecules to pass through the membrane (Sommers‚ 2011‚ p.2). When the glomeruli are extremely permeable; products and large molecules pass through the glomerular membrane instead. One of these “unwanted” products that pass through is protein and is excreted into the urine; proteinuria. Serum albumin; the blood plasma protein‚ leaks into the capillaries and is excreted‚ causing hypoalbuminemia. Hyperlipidemia;
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The blood plasma is consists of electrolytes. It comprise of both negative and positive charge. The negative charge is made up of chloride‚ bicarbonate and phosphates. The positive charge is made up of calcium‚ sodium‚ potassium and magnesium. This specifies the condition of the body’s acid-base ratio‚ water balance‚ endocrine and renal systems. These indicate the condition of your body’s acid-base ratio‚ endocrine and renal systems‚ water balance and other conditions. There is a fine line between
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Drug-Drug Interactions (886) Clinically important drug-drug interactions may occur with coadministration of a quinolone with an aluminum- or magnesium-containing antacid‚ theophylline‚ or caffeine. When coadministered with an aluminum- or magnesium containing antacid‚ oral bioavailability of norfloxacin (553)‚ ciprofloxacin (231‚ 290‚ 350‚ 598)‚ ofloxacin (352‚ 475)‚ and perhaps all quinolones is substantially diminished‚ possibly by binding of quinolone to antacid. Peak serum concentrations decreased
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Notes on Final Exam: Practice Exams 1-4 are open for practice Final Exam consists of 100 questions Red scantron required Equal amount of questions from last 3 chapters covered. Wasn’t enough time to cover everything‚ so don’t JUST study this! DO NOT FORGET – Exam 4 due Monday at noon! Endocrine System Hormones: functions‚ where they’re secreted from‚ etc. Adrenal Glands: Cortex: Zona Glomerulosa mineralcorticoids - Aldosterone Zona Fasiculata glucocorticoids – Cortisol (synergist)
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This assignment will critically evaluate the holistic care delivered to a patient with a Long Term Condition (LTC).In order to maintain privacy and confidentiality the patient name will be changed and will be called Gerald‚ a pseudonym (Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC‚ 2015). LTC and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) will be defined and discussed‚ followed by an analysis of the impact of CKD on the patient and family. The patient will then be introduced followed by discussion of case management and
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