First pass metabolism. Pharmacology is the study of the effects drugs have and how they exert them. Drugs can be administered enteral or parenteral. [1] Enteral refers to any form of administration that involves the alimentary tract. The four enteral routes of administration include the mouth‚ sublingual‚ buccal and rectal. Parenteral refers to routes of administration outside of or beside of the alimentary tract. The parenteral route includes intravascular (IV)‚ Intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous
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25 The Urinary System: Urinary System Organs * Kidneys are major excretory organs * Urinary bladder is the temporary storage reservoir for urine * Ureters transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder * Urethra transports urine out of the body Kidney Functions * Removal of toxins‚ metabolic wastes‚ and excess ions from the blood * Regulation of blood volume‚ chemical composition‚ and pH Kidney Functions * Gluconeogenesis during prolonged fasting * Endocrine functions * Renin: regulation
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Pathogenesis of Glomerular Diseases PBL Resource Session Prof.J.Jose‚M.D. Diseases of kidney-classification Classified into those that affect the following 4 compartments: each one has distinct manifestations Glomeruli Tubules‚ Interstitium Blood vessels Disease of one compartment will eventually affect the entire structure. Clinical manifestations of renal diseases 1.Nephritic syndrome ("nephritis") Indicates acute inflammation of glomeruli hematuria
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The filtration membrane lies between the blood and the interior of the glomerular capsule‚ and allows free passage of water and solutes – fenestrated‚ or porous II. Kidney Physiology: Mechanisms of Urine Formation A. Step 1: Glomerular Filtration 1. Glomerular filtration is a passive‚ nonselective process in which hydrostatic pressure forces fluids through the glomerular membrane. a. Filtrate and is the
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As long as you are alive‚ your body will constantly metabolize organic molecules and produce waste products. If you can not get rid of these metabolic waste products‚ they will accumulate to toxic levels and poison your body. The urinary system is very important because it perform the essential function of getting rid of these metabolic wastes. Main Structures of the Urinary System The main structures that make up the urinary system are two kidneys (contains nephrons)‚ two ureters‚ one bladder‚ one
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A B Pgc Ppt GFR = Kf (net filtration pressure) = Kf (Pgc - Pbc - *gc ) Pgc *gc af ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ef Pbc Kf - water permeability - total surface area for filtration GFR= 120 ml/min ? liters/day Mesangial cells ECF ‚ (TBW‚ 42 liters) PeeSS RBF? Arthur Vander When renal sympathetic nerve is stimulated‚ the glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure A. will increase B. will decrease C. may or may not decrease D. I don’t like Starling D. this question stimulates my para-sympathetic
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below showing all parts of the nephron: Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule proximal convoluted tubule loop of henle (both descending and ascending limb) distal convoluted tubule collecting duct (both cortical and medullary sections) 7. The renal corpuscle consists of two parts: glomerular capillaries and the Bownan’s capsule. A portion of the plasma is filtered into the capsular space due to the hydrostatic pressure of the blood. 8. The filtration membrane consists of fenestrated capillary
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Feature Acute Kidney Injury: Not Just Acute Renal Failure Anymore? Susan Dirkes‚ RN‚ MSA‚ CCRN Until recently‚ no uniform standard existed for diagnosing and classifying acute renal failure. To clarify diagnosis‚ the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative group stated its consensus on the need for a clear definition and classification system of renal dysfunction with measurable criteria. Today the term acute kidney injury has replaced the term acute renal failure‚ with an understanding that such
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urine production? A.alcohol must be eliminated by excretion B.alcohol inhibits ADH causing diuresis C.alcohol increases the production of ANH causing diuresis D.alcohol increases the collecting duct’s permeability to water 8. Where is the glomerular apparatus located? A.at the region of contact between the afferent venule and the distal convoluted tubule B.at the region of contact between the efferent arteriole and the distal convoluted tubule C.at the region of contact between the afferent
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Respiration. *The respiratory system consists of tubes that filter incoming air and transport it into the microscopic alveoli where gases are exchanged the entire process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells is called respiration and consists of the following: ventilation‚ gas exchange between blood and lungs‚ gas transport in the bloodstream‚ gas exchange between the blood and body cells‚ and cellular respiration *The organs of the respiratory tract can be divided into two
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