IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY‚ ISLAMABAD (Department of Economics) WARNING 1. PLAGIARISM OR HIRING OF GHOST WRITER(S) FOR SOLVING THE ASSIGNMENT(S) WILL DEBAR THE STUDENT FROM AWARD OF DEGREE/CERTIFICATE‚ IF FOUND AT ANY STAGE. 2. SUBMITTING ASSIGNMENTS BORROWED OR STOLEN FROM OTHER(S) AS ONE’S OWN WILL BE PENALIZED AS DEFINED IN “AIOU PLAGIARISM POLICY”. Course: International Economics–II (4674) Semester: Autumn‚ 2012 Level: M. Sc Economics Total Marks: 100 Credit Hours: 03 Pass Marks:
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Probably not. We are however‚ “in the midst of an international currency war…this threatens us because it takes away our competitiveness” (Mantega). A currency war can be defined as a “competitive devaluation‚ [a] condition in international affairs where countries compete against each other to achieve a relatively low exchange rate for their home currency‚ so as to help their domestic industry…[a] situation where one nation‚ relying on its strong economic power‚ buffets its competitors and seizes other
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communication possible between people thousands of miles apart‚ while jet transport allows quick physical access to all parts of the globe. On the other hand‚ gravity models continue to show a strong negative relationship between distance and international trade. But have such effects grown weaker over time? Has the progress of transportation and communication made the world smaller? The answer is yes—but history also shows that political forces can outweigh the effects of technology. The world got
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Introduction “A monetary system is a set of policy tools and institutions through which a government provides money and controls the money supply in an economy”. The world has evolved through a variety of international monetary system since the 19th century. There have been three different international monetary system: The Gold Standard The Bretton-Woods system Floating exchange rate The Gold Standard The Gold Standard last from1870 to 1914 and from 1918 to1939. Under this system
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Globalization‚ Economic Reforms and the Environment MODULE II (10 hrs) Economics of Global Warming and Climate Change: Nordau‘s Dice Model. MODULE III (15hrs) Energy‚ Environment and Economic Growth: Indian Energy and Environment issues and Climate Change negotiations. MODULE IV (15 hrs) Environmental Issues and Policies in India: Water‚ Land Transport and Urban development and related issues Total lecture Hours: 45 Suggested readings for Module I Sengupta‚ R.P‚ High Economic growth
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I. INTRODUCTION Transnational capital flow is a term coined to describe the movement of capital across national boundaries. International financial and capital flows have experienced a phenomenal upsurge during the late twentieth century. According to the latest estimates‚ foreign exchange to the tune of one to two trillion US dollars is transacted internationally every day. Significantly‚ exchanges in trade and services constitute only a tiny fraction of these transactions‚ while the majority
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Chapter 6 International trade and Investment Trade: the voluntary exchange of goods‚ services‚ assets‚ or money between one person or organization and another. International Trade: Trade between residents of two countries. (believe they can benefit from voluntary exchange) Classical Country-Based Theories: commodities Mercantilism: 16th century economic philosophy - a country’s wealth is measured by its holding of gold and silver - promoting exports and discouraging imports. * Supporters:
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and its volatility 12 5.4.1 International financial crises 12 5.4.2 Speculators effect 12 5.4.3 Central bank intervention policy 13 5.2 The effects of exchange rate and volatility 14 5.2.1 International trade‚ export and import 14 5.2.2 Foreign direct investment 15 5.3 The Empirical model 18 6.0 Conclusion 20 References 21 1.0 Abstract This paper prefers theoretical and empirical evidence that exchange rate has negative impact on international trade or export. In this paper
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This occurs because of the existence of better resources for producing a particular product or service. The concept of absolute advantage can also be applied to other economic entities‚ such as regions‚ cities‚ or firms‚ but we will focus attention on countries‚ specifically in relation to their production decisions and international trade flows. ComparativeAdvantage: GeneralTheory: Comparative advantage theory addresses when a country has abundance in trade. “According to theory
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The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is the world’s central organization for international monetary cooperation. It is an organization in which almost all countries in the world work together to promote the common good (IMF 2006). That’s IMF is an international organization that oversees the global financial system by observing exchange rates and balance of payments‚ as well as offering financial and technical assistance. The primary purpose of IMF is to ensure the stability of the international
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