others rights are met. Furthermore‚ in historical context‚ the obligation to the state has been explained by many political philosophers such as‚ Jean Jacques Rousseau‚ Immanuel Kant‚ and David Hume. Rousseau believed in a social contract‚ while Hume had a more pragmatic approach focusing on the usefulness of the state‚ and Kant focused on an individuals moral obligation to the state. Rousseau‚ describes the relationship between the state and a person as contractual‚ thereby explaining the state as a
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in order to go to heaven. Through this belief‚ an individual may not be actually acting morally being that their desire to be good is motivated by the purpose of going to heaven. Without this motive‚ someone may not be inclined to act in such a way. Kant and Aristotle both cover this idea of purpose. Aristotle believes that people’s actions are governed through their desire to achieve happiness. According to Aristotle‚ the purpose of human life is by happiness through living your life entirely by
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Philosophy 1 Professor Section Kant believes that in order for a person to grasp the understanding of any given situation‚ they must free themselves from their own “self-imposed immaturity.” He thinks enlightenment is when a person blossoms into their own thinking instead of relying on the thinking or the decision making of others. It is the maturity in believing in one`s self‚ their thinking‚ and the empowerment to make decision based on one’s reasoning‚ not what was taught or is expected‚ that
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Kant and Mills on Capital Punishment Capital punishment has raised debate in America since 1608. Both the “pro-“ and “anti-“ sides of the issue have strong arguments. Some believe killing is simply wrong‚ and violates universal human rights‚ others seek the only justice they deem appropriate‚ equal justice. I will examine the philosophies of Immanuel Kant‚ and John Stuart Mill‚ with regards to their stance on the death penalty. John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806- 8 May 1873) was born in London‚ England
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philosopher Immanuel Kant introduced the the categorical imperative inferring that moral correctness constitutes universal law. For example‚ reason has it that lying is morally wrong. To make an exception for lying to a Nazi to protect a Jew from harm is unethical. In the exception‚ a new opposing absolute allowing everyone to lye is created. It is not possible to universalize lying. All people must follow the same rule. Not following the universal rule makes the action wrong. Kant states “Act in such
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The Platonic Rationalist and Aristotelian Empirical Way of Thinking Philosophical Inquiry Section ON22 Erich Grunder Jim Cook 3/2/2007 During the 17th and 18th century two philosophers‚ Plato and Aristotle‚ arose carving for themselves a trench in the philosophical world. We can see the biggest distinction between the two in their theories of how we know things exist. The traditions of Plato and Aristotle have been dubbed rationalism and empiricism respectively. Under these traditions many
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Kant philosophy has contributed in development of "pure" moral philosophy‚ a "metaphysics of morals" that is based on the concepts of reason‚ not on empirical observations. According to his philosophy moral obligations are applicable to all human beings as it applies not only for particular person in particular situation‚ but also to all rational beings in all circumstances. The principle of humanity is not borrowed from experience as this is a universal principle and this applies to all rational
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with morals and politics. Human nature is the basic substance shared by human beings‚ and is thus important in making sense of society and all its complexities along with the individual man and his liberties. Two prominent philosophers‚ Rousseau and Kant‚ express conjectures on human nature in their essays. Rousseau focuses on man in the untainted state of nature. He believes that the lack of knowledge and morality in savage man is better than the evils resulting from social inequalities‚ insisting
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Antigone‚ like Kant‚ is governed by a philosophy of duty‚ but one that is very different from Kant’s. Antigone’s duty is to the gods. Unlike Kant who follows a sort of subjective moral law‚ Antigone’s moral law is far less arbitrary. She is obligated to uphold her family duties regardless of the circumstances. I believe this is what separates Antigone from both Mill and Kant‚ as well as Smith. Her actions are independent of circumstances. There
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future or the successful outcome of something” This is the cry of the enlightenment period. This was the hope that Kant and Voltaire so strongly desired for the future. Optimism is something that most people think that they have‚ but very few actually acquire. Optimism not only requires hope‚ but it requires action. The enlightenment period was a precursor to the revolution. Immanuel Kant believed that all men‚ if they have the freedom to think‚ can create a true reform in all of society. Why did he
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