OxidatiOn and ReductiOn OxidatiOn & ReductiOn 9.2 9 Introduction to oxidation and reduction Redox equations Some common oxidising agents and reducing agents (EXT) 9.3 Reactivity 9.4 Voltaic cells 19.1 Standard electrode potentials (AHL) 9.5 Electrolytic cells 19.2 cORe 9.1 Electrolysis (AHL) TOK Are oxidation numbers real? I remember contemplating on the nature of reality back in Chapters 2 and 4‚ with regard to electrons and hybridization respectively
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components of different inbred rice lines. Studies at seedling stage showed significant growth reduction in term of leaf mortality and shoot fresh weight in all tested lines under salinity. However‚ the rate of reduction varied among different lines. Variable responses to salinity have been observed at vegetative and reproductive stages. The lines which have shown tolerance at seedling stage exhibited greater reduction in their grain production. All yield contributing characters like fertility‚ tiller numbers
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Chemistry Equipment Symbols 1. Test Tube 2. Boiling Tube 3. Beaker 4. Conical Flask 5. Test Tube Holder/ Tongs /Clamp Stand 6. Measuring/Graduating 7. Funnel 8. Pipette Cylinder 9. Spatula 10. Tripod 11. Bunsen Burner 12. Glass Bulb 13. Burette 16. Condenser Pipette Changes of State Filtering Solutions 03-Nov
Free Periodic table Atom Chemical element
1. Sodium and potassium are the most frequently ecountered alkali metals‚ though rarely as the metal. Why these elements are rarely found as the metal? (Refer to the relative measurements tabulated in the form of electronegativities‚ ionization energies‚ or reduction potentials). These are due to the fact that their outer most orbital (ns1 valence electron configuration) has tendency to lose electron very easily and make stable configuration. The single valence electron is relatively far from the
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Analysis of Commercial Bleach Lab I. Purpose In this experiment‚ the amount of sodium hypochlorite in a commercial bleach will be determined by reacting it with sodium thiosulfate in the presence of iodide ions and starch. A solution of sodium thiosulfate of known concentration will be added to the bleach using a buret in a titration procedure. The disappearance of the dark blue color of the starch-iodine complex will signal the end point. II. Procedures Pre-Lab Questions 1. What is
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present in commercial bleach. Introduction Many commercial products‚ such as bleaches and hair coloring agents‚ contain oxidizing agents. The most common oxidizing agent in bleaches is sodium hypochlorite‚ NaClO (sometimes written NaOCl). Commercial bleaches are made by bubbling chlorine gas into a sodium hydroxide solution. Some of the chlorine is oxidized to the hypochlorite ion‚ ClO-‚ and some is reduced to the chloride ion‚ Cl-. The solution remains strongly basic. The chemical equation
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Ionic Bonding is the type of bonding which takes place between the sodium and chlorine ions. Sodium has 11 electrons and chlorine has 13. Sodium loses one of its electrons‚ leaving it with 10 and therefore stable. Chlorine gains an electron and so ends up with 14‚ meaning it is also stable as it has an even number of electron sin its higest energy level. There are many ionic bonds in an ionic compound such as sodium chloride‚ arranged in giant lattice structures. Ionic compounds have very
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Test: Procedure Instead of the Biuret Reagent‚ the following may be used: * Fehling’s Solutions A and B * Sodium hydroxide and copper (II) sulphate solutions 1. Add 2 cm3 of the liquid food sample* to a clean‚ dry test tube 2. Add 2 cm3 of Biuret Reagent. Alternatively: * Use sodium hydroxide solution and copper sulphate solution instead. Add 1 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution (40% or bench solution) and 1% copper (II) sulphate solution dropwise – drop by drop - to the food
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chloride. However‚ in reducing dietary chloride they were also restricting sodium‚ which is probably more important in hypertension control. Their observations preceded the use of diets extremely low in salt‚ which became popular in the 1940s. The success of these diets stimulated the development of the thiazide diuretics. Several investigators‚ such as Watkin and Murphy found that the rice diet of Kempner depended on severe sodium restriction to levels as low as 20 to 30 mEq/day. Moderate salt restriction
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of a voltage gated sodium channel‚ Nav1.7 is believed to be the cause of this condition. This essay will detail the genetic description of SCN9A/ Nav1.7‚ normal function of the voltage
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