commonly defined as a serum sodium concentration ≤135 meq/L [2]. An overview of the causes of hyponatremia will be presented here (table 1). Most of the individual disorders are discussed in detail separately‚ as are issues related to diagnosis and treatment [1‚3]. (See "Diagnosis of hyponatremia" and "Overview of the treatment of hyponatremia".) It should also be emphasized that‚ in selected patients‚ multiple factors may contribute to the fall in the plasma sodium concentration. Symptomatic
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Amines are aliphatic and aromatic derivatives of ammonia. Amines‚ like ammonia‚ are weak bases (Kb = 10−4 to 10−6). This basicity is due to the unshared electron pair on the nitrogen atom. Classification and nomenclature of amines Amines are classified as primary‚ secondary‚ or tertiary based upon the number of carbon-containing groups that are attached to the nitrogen atom. Those amine compounds that have only one group attached to the nitrogen atom are primary‚ while those with two or three
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Determination of an Electrochemical Series In electrochemistry‚ a voltaic cell is a specially prepared system in which an oxidation-reduction reaction occurs spontaneously. This spontaneous reaction produces an easily measured electrical potential which has a positive value. Voltaic cells have a variety of uses and you commonly refer to them as a “battery”. Half-cells are normally produced by placing a piece of metal into a solution containing a cation of the metal (e.g.‚ Cu metal in a solution
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characteristics that redox reactions do. Basically‚ redox reactions can be described as a group of reactions that focus on the transfer of electrons. Similarly to acid-base reaction‚ a reduction reaction must be happening simultaneously with an oxidation reaction (Masterton‚ 2008). A loss of electron is called oxidation while reduction is an increase of electrons. Electrons are transferred to the oxidant on redox processes. The reducing agent in the reaction loses electrons and is therefore oxidized. The oxidizing
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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level CHEMISTRY Paper 1 Multiple Choice Additional Materials: Multiple Choice Answer Sheet Soft clean eraser Soft pencil (type B or HB is recommended) Data Booklet 9701/11 May/June 2012 1 hour *6083199800* READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write in soft pencil. Do not use staples‚ paper clips‚ highlighters‚ glue or correction fluid. Write your name‚ Centre number and
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name: 1-Isopropoxycyclopentene 18.2 Synthesis of Ethers The Williamson Ether Synthesis R + O an alkoxide C X R SN2 an alkyl halide methyl & 1o best; X = Cl‚ Br‚ I‚ OTos O C ether product Example: O Na + Sodium phenoxide CH3 Br O CH3 Phenyl methyl ether (anisole) + Na Br + X SP
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are produced at the anode‚ making it acidic and hydroxide ions were produced at the cathode‚ making it basic. Sodium sulfate was used because pure water doesn’t contain a high enough concentration of ions to produce a current; therefore‚ the sodium sulfate was acting as the salt bridge in the reaction. This processes was demonstrated in parts B and C as well; however‚ instead of the sodium sulfate acting as the salt bridge‚ potassium iodide was substituted in part B and potassium chloride in part
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2 ClO4- + 2HOAc + 2HgCl2 Assay of Phenytoin Non Aqueous alkalimetry Blank titration Sodium methoxide Saturated sol’n of Azo violet in Benzene H C6H5 N--C=O C C6H5 C-NH + CH3O- O C6H5 N=C-O C C6H5 C-NH + CH3OH O OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTION OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTION: IODIMETRIC AND IODOMETRIC METHOD SUBSTANCE TO BE ASSAY AQUEOUS/NON-AQUEOUS ALKALINITY / ACIDIMETRY
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electrodes. To understand electrolysis‚ you need to know what an ionic substance is. Ionic substances form when a metal reacts with a non-metal. They contain charged particles called ions. For example‚ sodium chloride forms when sodium reacts with chlorine. It contains positively charged sodium ions and negatively charged chloride ions. Ionic substances can be broken down by electricity. Electrolysis is the process by which ionic substances are decomposed (broken down) into simpler substances when
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voltage is created by a chemical reaction as in a battery‚ it is an electrochemical reaction. In contrast‚ chemical reactions where electrons are transferred between molecules are called oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions. In general‚ electrochemistry deals with situations where oxidation and reduction reactions are separated in space or time‚ connected by an external electric circuit to understand each process. |Contents
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