over Islam. Local military commanders‚ emirs‚ took over provincial governments. Various Shi’ite movements successfully established separatist governments. The most important Shi’ite revolution resulted in the creation of the Fatimid caliphate in Egypt. A third caliphate arose in Spain under the Umayyad‚ ‘Abd ar-Rahman III. External invasion led to the final collapse of the ‘Abbasids. Seljuk Turks conquered Baghdad in 1055‚ while much of northern Africa fell to Moroccan Berbers. The invasions disrupted
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PART ONE INTRODUCTION Sokoto Jihad and the formation of the Caliphate The greatest and certainly the most influential of the nineteenth century jihads was that of Usman dan Fodio. He was a Fulani of the Torodbe clan which had migrated to Gobir‚ in north-western Hausaland‚ many generations before. He was born in 1754 into a scholarly family and he and his younger brother Abdullahi‚ were given a broad Islamic education. At that time of his youth‚ Gobir‚ as have seen‚ had become the most powerful
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historian Ibn Khaldun states: "`Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan is one of the greatest Arab and Muslim Caliphs. He followed in the footsteps of `Umar ibn al-Khattab‚ the Commander of the Believers‚ in regulating state affairs". Abd al-Malik succeeded to the caliphate in a difficult situation. Shiite rebels occupied much of Iraq‚ and there were also troubles in Syria. To free his hands‚ Abd al-Malik made a truce with the Byzantine emperor in 689. He then attacked Iraq‚ but it was not until 691 that the Zubayrid
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• What were the reasons behinds the decline of Abbasid caliphate? Harun al-Rashid was the last ’Abbasid caliph to rule a clean-cut empire and after his death‚ the empire was divided in two. One son‚ Amin‚ got the western area and the caliphate‚ and his other son‚ Al-Mamun got the eastern area‚ the army‚ and the right to succession. Moreover‚ the 4th Fitna (811-813) was not about religious principles‚ but it was a civil war between Amin and Al-Mamun; Amin wanted his son to be the next caliph‚ but
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UMAYYAD AND ABBASID CALIPHATES COMPARED Category Umayyad Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate Origin Political Economic Social Decline (657-750CE) Umayyad clan starts as a foe to Muhammad. They are defeated at Mecca by Muhammad’s forces but are embraced by Muhammad and become a powerful Muslim clan that will lead the faith after Muhammad. After the first three caliphs‚ The followers of Ali will split away from the faith
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Middle East from the year 750 to 1254 C.E. Abbas‚ the first caliph‚ overthrew the Umayyad’s to create a more righteous caliphate that wanted to follow the Prophet and the Islamic teaching. Little did he know that he was going to create a prosperous empire that would benefit the entire world. Abbas and his successors lead Islam to its golden age. Many people desired the Abbasid Caliphate and chose to move to its province because of the vast amount of accomplishments that had been occurring. Muslims were
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Sokoto Jihad (holy war) was organized and led by Sheikh Uthman Dan Fodio which in or around 1804 wedged war against Hausa states whose government had been corrupt‚ oppressive‚ and exploitative and unislamic. Uthman Dan Fodio was born in 1754 at Maratha and was well learned in Islamic knowledge‚ Law and Rhetoric’s. He began his teaching and preaching in 1774 at the age of twenty. In the course of his teaching and preaching‚ he travelled wide in Rima basin covering Gobir‚ Zamfara and Kebbi‚ winning
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succession to the caliphate emerged following the assassination of the third caliph‚ Uthman. A civil war was fought between those who supported keeping the caliphate in Uthman’s clan (the Ummaya) and those who supported the claim of Muhammad’s first cousin and son-in-law Ali. The Umayya forces won and established the Umayyad Caliphate in 661. These disagreements led to the development of three rival sects in the Muslim community. The Shi’ites supported Ali’s claim to the caliphate and believed that
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with how Turkey would be treated. Istanbul had been the home of Caliphate and the Turkish Sultan was recognized as the Khalifa or caliph. The Allies hpoed to destroy the Ottoman Empire by encouraging‚ Turkey to become a nation rather than an empire. The treaty Of Versailles set out to divide Germany into two parts. KHILAFAT COMMITTEE: The Muslims of India decided to launch a movement for the safeguard of the institution of Caliphate and to manifest their resentment over actions the Allies had taken
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Arabia‚ and Pakistan. The Islamic Caliphates and the Mauryan/Gupta empires were two main empires before the 1200s. There were a lot of differences and similarities between these two. The Islamic Caliphates were located in the modern day Middle East. The word Islam means submitted to god‚ the religion was started by the prophet Muhammad in the city of Mecca. During the empire there were two different groups that ruled. First‚ there was the Umayyad Caliphate which ruled from 661 to 750. Their
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