* 1 To measure the molar solubility of a sparingly soluble salt in water. * 2 To prepare a calibration curve based on complex ion formation for absorbance enhancement. * 3 To calculate the solubility product constant (Ksp) of a sparingly soluble salt from its molar solubility. * 4 To confirm the common ion effect on the molar solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. Introduction In previous introductory chemistry courses‚ you learned some basic solubility rules that are useful in
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Carbopol 940 could yield clear gel with desired rheological property. Carbopol 940 was selected as a gelling agent based on preliminary experiments and previous reports due to its widespread use in pharmaceutical formulations and fast dispersion in water (Sahoo et al.‚ 2014; Sharma and Bedi‚ 2014; Pillai et al.‚ 2015). Moreover‚ it is speculated that Carbopol with low concentration can be safe for nasal administration (Khan et al.‚ 2010). Carbopol is known to have mucoadhesive properties. It
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Abstract This work describes the extraction of caffeine from tea leaves to determine its % caffeine. The extraction process selectively dissolves one or more compounds in a mixture into an appropriate solvent. In this experiment‚ it was visible in the process wherein the components of the tea leaves were dissolved in two solvents‚ water and dichloromethane (DCM)‚ with DCM used for multiple extractions. The organic layer was evaporated and the determined % caffeine was 0.12%. Furthermore‚ the purified
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Our company name: Virtual Pharmaceutical Drug name: VPL874C (Market name = Betatrix) Possible indications = migraine prophylaxis‚ hypertension‚ coronary heart disease Problem – want oral dosage form. - but has short half life (3-4hr) Solution – oral dosage form with extended release which releases drug slowly so that the plasma concentrations are maintained at a therapeutic level for a prolonged period of time (usually between 8 and 12 hours). Recent extended release formulations
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Effects of curing condition of solution cast Nafion® membranes on PEMFC performance Korean J. Chem. Eng.26(3)‚ 679-684 (2009) Thickness of membrane ~ 50µm There are some disadvantages of the solution casting method that the cold cast films are generally mechanically weak‚ susceptible to crack formation and soluble in many polar solvents‚ especially in water at room temperature. Generally‚ the annealed films undergo morphological changes when heated above the glass transition temperature (Tg=109oC
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Na+ H+ Wallert and Provost Lab Excel with hard work and inquiry Ammonium Sulfate PPT Protocol Theory and Introduction: Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation is a classic first step to fractionate proteins by causing perturbations in the solvent with respect to ionic strength. Historically‚ separation methods were limited and as a result precipitation methods were highly used with very fine cuts in ppt conditions. As more choices of inexpensive and quality resins are commercially available precipitation
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Determining the Limiting Reactant and Percent Yield in a Precipitate Reaction (SMG 6D) AP Chemistry One example of a double replacement (metathesis) reaction is the mixing of two solutions resulting in the formation of a precipitate. In solution chemistry‚ the term precipitate is used to describe a solid that forms when a positive ion (cation) and a negative ion (anion) are strongly attracted to one another. In this experiment‚ a precipitation reaction will be studied. Stoichiometry
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Abstract: Caffeine‚ (C8 H10 N4 O2) a white‚ crystalline alkaloid known as a nervous system stimulant found commonly in tea leaves and coffee‚ can be extracted using the method of sublimation with the use of Methylene Chloride (CH2Cl2) and Sodium Hydroxide; both can repeatedly rinse the green (unroasted) coffee beans from the caffeine. Keywords: Caffeine‚ Methylene Chloride‚ Sodium Hydroxide‚ Anhydrous Sodium Sulfate I. Introduction Caffeine is an alkaloid of the methylxanthine family. Its chemical
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future experiment that can be performed to try and identify this red solution is to obtain 50 mL of red solution #2‚ a graduated cylinder‚ ten 50 mL beakers‚ a scale‚ a stir bar‚ and different elements that are known to be insoluble using a common solubility chart such as one found here: http://www.flinnsci.com/store/Scripts/prodView.asp?idproduct=16645. Measure equal amounts of Red #2 into each of the beakers‚ then
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Progress in Organic Coatings 50 (2004) 75–104 Review Antifouling technology—past‚ present and future steps towards efficient and environmentally friendly antifouling coatings Diego Meseguer Yebra‚ Søren Kiil∗ ‚ Kim Dam-Johansen Department of Chemical Engineering‚ Technical University of Denmark‚ Building 229‚ DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby‚ Denmark Received 28 January 2003; accepted 15 June 2003 Abstract The imminent ban of environmentally harmful tributyltin (TBT)-based paint products has been the
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