Vertical Integration as Organizational Ownership: The Fisher Body-General Motors Relationship Revisited BENJAMIN KLEIN University qfCalijbrnia‚ Los Angeles I have always considered my work with Armen Alchian and Robert Crawford (1978) on vertical integration to represent an extension of Coase ’s classic article on "The Nature of the Firm." By focusing on the "hold-up" potential that is created when firm-specific investments are made by transactors‚ or what we called the appropriation
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offers travel abroad and exchange study services to both college and high school students. While AIFS’s revenues are denominated in American Dollars (USD)‚ most of their costs are in foreign currencies as Euros (EUR) and British Pounds (GBP). Consequently‚ foreign exchange hedging has a crucial importance for the company because it provides protection against different types of risk that derive from its activity. In order to reduce risk‚ the company is using two hedging derivatives: forward contracts
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Hedging in the Mining Industry Strategy‚ Control and Governance Contents Foreword Chapter 1: Executive summary Chapter 2: To hedge or not to hedge? Considering a strategy 1 2–4 5 – 12 Chapter 3: What tools are available? Implementing the hedging strategy 13 – 24 Chapter 4: How do we control and monitor a hedging programme? 25 – 36 Chapter 5: How‚ why and to whom do we communicate our risk-management strategy? 37 – 44 Chapter 6: What are the accounting implications? 45 – 49 Appendix
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5 Hedging Interest-Rate Risk with Duration Before implementing any kind of hedging method against the interest-rate risk‚ we need to understand how bond prices change‚ given a change in interest rates. This is critical to successful bond management. 5.1 Basics of Interest-Rate Risk: Qualitative Insights The basics of bond price movements as a result of interest-rate changes are perhaps best summarized by the five theorems on the relationship between bond prices and yields. As an illustration
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Transactional leadership is more of a management style than a form of leadership. Nevertheless‚ it can be very effective for motivating subordinates and eliciting productivity. There are a few assumptions that go hand-in-hand with transactional leadership. Primarily‚ transactional leadership assumes that people are motivated by rewards‚ they will cede authority to their chosen leaders and fulfill goals and objectives set by their leaders. There are many benefits that come with an organization’s choice
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TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS The reaction of people to a management problem cannot always be anticipated. But‚ we can predict the kind of responses our interventions may evoke from people. How? The answer is –with the help of transactional analysis. When people interact in assertive or non-assertive ways‚ there is a social transaction in which one person responds to another. The study of these social transactions between people is called transactional analysis. It is a method of analyzing and understanding
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1. DEFINITION: FOREIGN EXCHANGE One of the largest businesses carried out by the commercial bank is foreign trading. The trade among various countries falls for close link between the parties dealing in trade. The situation calls for expertise in the field of foreign operations. The bank‚ which provides such operation‚ is referred to as rending international banking operation. Mainly transactions with overseas countries are respects of import; export and foreign remittance come under the preview
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PLEKHANOV RUSSIAN ECONOMIC UNIVERSITY INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT Case Study REPORT Hedging Currency Risks At AIFS Professor: Yulia Y.Finogenova Performed by: Budeanu Diana Gabaydullin Ilnar Kulikova Ekaterina
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Fuel Hedging A Strategy for Air Carriers to Combat Fuel Hike Index Jet Fuel – The Nemesis of Airlines In the year 2008‚ the growth of global aviation industry received a major bolt from the fear of global economic slowdown and the rise in crude oil prices. Though the global economic uncertainties impacted the business of airlines‚ but the steep surge in crude prices has changed the financial equations of the airline across the world‚ with India being no exception. In fact over the previous
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Corey TPCP(8e) / WebTutor / Transactional Analysis 1 TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS by Gerald Corey For Web Tutor for THEORY AND PRACTICE OF COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY Eighth Edition (2009) INTRODUCTION Historical Background KEY CONCEPTS View of Human Nature The Ego States The Need for Strokes Injunctions and Counterinjunctions Decisions and Redecisions Games Basic Psychological Life Positions and Lifescripts THE THERAPEUTIC PROCESS Therapeutic Goals Therapist’s Function and Role Client’s Experience
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