POLLUTION FROM DIESEL ENGINES AND ITS CONTROL Diesel engines and gasoline engines are the most widely used primary sources of power in automobiles and the sheer number of them makes the issue of emissions from these engines an important one. Table 1 gives a comparison of the amounts of different pollutants in the exhaust of diesel and petrol engines. FORMATION OF NOX AND CONTROL METHODS: The main source of NOx in diesel engine emissions is the oxidation of the nitrogen in the air at the high temperatures
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of the water. The bottom of the can was black from previous use. The flame eventually burnt out and a dark grey smoke arose from the wood chip. The chip had shrunken in size compared compare to before the procedure. There were little bits of black soot coating the underneath of the aluminum can. Graph: Temperature vs Time for Combusted Wood Chip Sample Calculations: Final Temperature of Water – Initial Temperature of Water = Change in Temperature of Water 314.7K (±0.1) –
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ancient times. The word kohl literally means to brighten the eyes. Kohl has been used in countries like Egypt‚ India and Arab countries since many years. The method of making kajal or kohl in every country was different. In Egypt‚ kohl was made from the soot of sunflower seeds‚ almond seeds and perfuming them with frankincense. Another way used to prepare kohl in Egypt was to pound lead sulphide with gum and frankincense. The mixture was then mixed with cow dung and goose fat and
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efficiently the fuel burned in each of the mixtures. The efficiency of the combustion depended on the fuel to oxygen ratio. If mixture was fuel lean the combustion reaction would produce less soot and smoke. If the mixture was fuel rich‚ an incomplete combustion reaction occurred and it produced plenty of soot and smoke. The controlled variable was the amount of water in the test tube. If there was more water in one test tube and less water in the other‚ then it could affect the accuracy of the fuel
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acid is put in a dry test tube that held in a rack. 4. Steps from 1 to 3 are repeated with cyclohexene. Results: Experiment Observation(s) Cyclohexane Cyclohexene Combustion Flammable without soot. Very flammable with soot. Action of sulphuric acid Two layers of colorless solution (Cyclohexan was at the top and the acid was at the bottom). The color was blackish brown. Discussions (A) The molecular formula of cyclohexane is C6H12 and cyclohexene
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June 2010 Received in revised form 7 September 2010 Accepted 7 September 2010 Available online 6 October 2010 Keywords: HCCI PCCI Combustion Diesel engine NOx Soot a b s t r a c t Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) combustion is a combustion concept which offers simultaneous reductions in both NOx and soot emissions from internal combustion engines. In light of increasingly stringent diesel emissions limits‚ research efforts have been invested into HCCI combustion as an
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Observations Hexane There was orange flame and burned mildly during the burning process. No soots and smoke were produced. C6H14 + 19/2 O2 6CO2 + 7H2O Cyclohexene Orange flame burned vigorously. A small amount of black soot and smoke were produced during the burning process. C6H10 + 17/2 O2 6CO2 + 5H2O Toluene Orange flame burned very vigorously. A large amount of black soot and smoke were produced during the burning process. C7H8 + 9O2 7CO2 + 4H2O
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for low fuel consumption and lower mass emission. Introduction: The narrower environmental restrictions are the current challenge that Diesel engine manufacturers are facing in the last years. The demand on cleaner emissions (both for NOx and soot)‚ the fuel consumption reduction and the customer claim for improved engine performance are variables that should be matched to attend the legislation and market requirements. The search for these problems solution is a target that needs to be continuously
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carbon dioxide and water. In this experiment‚ the combustion of cyclohexene burns in an orange flame and produces relatively high amount of black soot. The black soot produced is actually carbon monoxide. Cyclohexane is a saturated hydrocarbon and cyclohexene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon due to the presence of double bond. Cyclohexene burns and produces more soot because of the higher percentage of carbon compared
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Ghosts of Svidrigailov Dostoevsky made it inevitable that Raskolnikov and Svidrigailov had to meet in the plot of Crime and Punishment because they are foil characters to each other. The first time they met was after Raskolnikov was informally interrogated by Porfiry and later was accused of being a murderer on the street by a mysterious stranger. Raskolnikov was in turmoil due his fear of being discovered as the murderer. Next thing he realized is that there was a stranger sitting in his apartment
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