government budgets‚ legislators sometimes attempt to raise revenue by imposing unusually high excise taxes on cigarettes‚ liquor‚ gambling‚ and so on. This type of charge‚ often called a "sin tax‚" appeals to voters who view it as a way of discouraging consumption of certain objectionable products. It reduces the income of the buyer.Lowers profits for the seller‚ and leads to reduced investment‚ wages‚ and jobs.It is not likely to seriously discourage consumption habits when those habits are intensely
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accounting principles. Profits can be changed easily by using certain accounting methods or manipulating accruals. When discovered‚ this information will have a negative effect on a company ’s share price and its reputation in general. Methods of Income Smoothing In order to present a more positive result to shareholders and a more favorable view of company’s results‚ numerous methods exist that can be used by accountants. Most methods are achieved by using book entries. The Depreciation Method
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Value added tax (VAT) in theory avoids the cascade effect of sales tax by taxing only the value added at each stage of production. For this reason‚ throughout the world‚ VAT has been gaining favour over traditional sales taxes. In principle‚ VAT applies to all provisions of goods and services. VAT is assessed and collected on the value of goods or services that have been provided every time there is a transaction (sale/purchase). The seller charges VAT to the buyer‚ and the seller pays this VAT to
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and he was not taxed on the travel reimbursement. Use an available tax research service to determine how much Income‚ if any‚ does Latrell have to recognize as a result of purchasing an airline ticket with Sky miles earned from business travel. IRS Announcement 2002-18 states that frequent flier miles earned for business travel and redeemed for in-kind benefits (e.g.‚ a free airline ticket) do not represent taxable income. This ruling only applies to in-kind benefits and not frequent flier
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Coupe The Effects of Tax Reform on Charitable Contributions By: Gerald E. Austen‚ James M. Cilke and William C. Randolph In this paper Austen‚ Cilke‚ and Randolph surveyed the effects of tax reform by examining charitable contributions from 1979 through 1990. This was examined following several changes to charitable giving within the tax code. These changes were predicted to result in a 15% decrease in charitable giving (267). The first change came from “The Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 (ERTA)
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►Introduction to Income Taxes ►What are taxes? Payment required by a government upon income earned by individuals‚ businesses and other taxable entities that is unrelated to any specific benefit or service received from the government Types of taxes: Property taxes Sales taxes Gas taxes Payroll taxes ►Progressive/graduated tax Generally‚ rates increase as income increases ►Federal income taxes ►FORMULA: ►Income (very broadly inclusive) ►LESS: Exclusions (income not subject to taxation)
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Week 2 Sources of Finance 1) Introduction It was explained in week 1 that this week’s lectures will focus primarily on institutions that provide finance. Finance has been defined by Chadwick and Kirkby (1995‚ p 38) in their book Financial Management (first edition‚ publisher Routledge) as a “system of costs and risks”. As we will see throughout the course‚ the notion of risk from an investor’s point of view is related to whether there is the accrual of the financial returns that are anticipated
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is looking to solve tax related issues? Or maybe you are just an average person that has had some major financial setbacks over the past couple of years and have not been able to pay your back taxes? If any of these are the case then you should consider consulting with an experienced tax relief attorney who can help you get out of serious tax related issues. These lawyers can assist you by providing you with all of their expertise and knowledge in getting maximum possible tax relief. Most people
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or the governments they represent. ADBI does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use. Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms. TAX REFORM AND THE SELF ASSESSMENT 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND Malaysia is physically situated in the centre of Southeast Asia‚ with Thailand in the north‚ Singapore in the south‚ Philippines in the east and Indonesia in the west. It covers an area
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sustained increase in real GDP increases a nation’s standard of living providing that output rises faster than the total population. However it must be remembered that real income per capita on its own is both an inaccurate and insufficient indicator of true living standards both within and between countries. National income data can be used to make cross-country comparisons. This requires * Converting GDP data into a common currency (normally the dollar or the Euro) * Making an adjustment to
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