VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY For the statistical consultant working with social science researchers the estimation of reliability and validity is a task frequently encountered. Measurement issues differ in the social sciences in that they are related to the quantification of abstract‚ intangible and unobservable constructs. In many instances‚ then‚ the meaning of quantities is only inferred. Let us begin by a general description of the paradigm that we are dealing with. Most concepts in the behavioral
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reliable. The factors were ranked through mean rank calculation and it was found that fluctuation of prices of materials‚ cash flow and financial difficulties faced by contractors and shortages of materials were the significant factors affecting construction cost overrun. Insufficient numbers of equipment‚ relationship between management and labour‚ and labour absenteeism were found as factors of least significance causing cost overrun. The result of Spearman test indicates that cash flow and financial
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characteristics of financial reporting of International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)‚ then the questionnaires were distributed among the financial managers of companies. For testing the hypothesis‚ relevant statistical tests such as the Spearman ’s correlation coefficient and other required tests were used. The data collected was analyzed using the SPSS statistical package. The results pointed to statistically significant relationship between professional ethics and quality of financial reporting. Key
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Final Exam Study Guide Psychological Test & Measurement 1 Psychological tests a pertain only to overt behavior b always have right or wrong answers c do not attempt to measure traits d measure characteristics of human behavior 2 The specific stimulus on a test to which a person responds overtly is called a(n) a overt event b answer c item d scale 1 3 Jeremy lost his job very unexpectedly last year‚ and for a short while he was not as confident as usual This change in his level of confidence
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Quantitative methods Time value of money Effective annual rate (EAR) Effective annual rate (EAR) = (1+stated annual rate/frequency‚ m) ^ m-1 Annuities Ordinary annuities: cash flow at the end of each period‚ normal one; Annuities due: cash flow at the beginning of each period‚ first payment =t0; Calculator setting: [2nd][BGN]-[2ND][SET]; same procedure for setback to END; Payment at beginning of next three years‚ N=4‚ always +1 using annuities due It is a BGN question‚ if first payment is today
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(n2 − 1)S22 n1 + n2 − 2 P = σ22 n2 Confidence interval endpoints for the difference between two means: ¯1 − X ¯ 2 ) − (µ1 − µ2 ) (X Sp2 ¯1 − X ¯ 2 ) − (µ1 − µ2 ) (X p1 (1 − p1 ) p2 (1 − p2 ) + n1 n2 Sample correlation coefficient: (Oij − Eij )2 Eij r= Spearman rank correlation: n i=1 xi yi n 2
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THE IMPLICATIONS OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE THEORY AND REGULATION FOR SOUTH AFRICAN BANKING INSTITUTIONS By WESLEY NAIDU Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MAGISTER COMMERCII in FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SCIENCES In the FACULTY OF ECONOMIC AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES At the UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA SUPERVISOR: Prof. JOHANNES HvH DE WET November 2011 -i- ABSTRACT The topic of capital structure has been one that has plagued the academic world for a number of years
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relationships between variables. There are three correlation procedures that respond to the hypothesis of association which are the Pearson Correlation‚ the point-biserial correlation‚ and Spearman ’s rho. When choosing the selection of appropriate statistical tests and evaluation of statistical results within the hypothesis of association it is important to note that in each case their possible values range from –1.0 to +1.0‚ and all their coefficients are interpreted the same way. Pearson requires
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there is a positive and strong relationship between electronic banking and its five components (i.e. automated teller machines‚ bank card‚ internet bank‚ telephone bank‚ point of sale) with bank incomes. According to the research findings‚ the correlation between independent variables (five components of electronic banking) and dependent variable (bank charges) is 0/817 and 0/63 of the dependent variable changes are explained by independent variables. Finally‚ the research findings shows automated
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Published on Explorable.com (https://explorable.com) Statistics Tutorial This statistics tutorial is a guide to help you understand key concepts of statistics and how these concepts relate to the scientific method and research. Scientists frequently use statistics to analyze [1] their results. Why do researchers use statistics? [2] Statistics can help understand a phenomenon by confirming or rejecting a hypothesis. It is vital to how we acquire knowledge to most scientific theories. You don’t need
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