to other animals‚ non-living things‚ material states‚ objects or abstract concepts‚ such as organizations or governments1 of a nation or its people.2 Fredric Jameson‚ with ideas more suitable for the novel than Aijaz Ahmad‚ was first to think of national allegory.3 Jameson states that third-world literature must be a national allegory because of the state of its embattled culture and society. A political dimension is always present from the nature of the third-world as opposed to capitalism in
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a secular justification for what he calls the state of nature‚ a metaphorical period before a government was established that was characterized by chaos. In this state‚ Hobbes states three principle causes of why man cannot live without misery and violence: competition for gain‚ diffidence for safety‚ and glory for reputation (6). This constant battle between man subsequently opens Pandora’s box‚ unleashing hatred and resulting in war. Hobbes states‚ “Whatsoever therefore is consequent to a time
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Through reason a “Law of Nature” can be discovered. A law of nature is unlike a civil law because a law of nature is inherently known to all. Hobbes deduces that the only way to escape the terror is to seek peace and so the first law of nature was created. The first and most fundamental law is “to seek peace and follow it” (Hobbes 80). In seeking peace‚ humans will fulfill the natural
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the purest form. In comparing and contrasting their theories‚ one begins to realize the extent to which these philosophers agreed and disagreed. While Hobbes states that human nature is malicious and requires a sovereign‚ Locke explains how humans are benelovant and pastoral with no motivation to advance. In Hobbes’ theory of a natural state‚ people live with no sense of government or law‚ forcing society into chaos and a war where “every man [is] against every man” (Hobbes 1651:3). Without the constraints
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Does the man’s natural desire for “Summum Bonum” leads to the state of war where peace can only be achieved within an absolute monarchy? According to the 17th century philosopher‚ Thomas Hobbes‚ humans share a fundamental quality – an enduring desire for power‚ glory and self-perseverance‚ and in the right of nature it is upon each man’s liberty to use his own power to persist his existence. Hobbes‚ in one of his most influential texts‚ Leviathan (1651)‚ constructs arguments which justify destroying
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based on the laws of nature regarding men. Men are naturally free. Men are born and can gain life‚ health‚ liberty‚ and possessions in which they are free to reign over themselves. He argues that those who take away these rights from people should be punished. There are two states: state of nature and state of equality. A state of equality leads to a community‚ a society‚ and then eventually a government. Men are either to stay in their laborious and inconvenient state of nature or to give up their
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world hasn’t fallen back into such a primitive state is because of the social contract theory; the social contract theory is a theory about creating rules for humanity. Due to the social contract theory people had to change the way they thought and made decisions and these personal decisions eventually had a ripple effect on the larger community. Unlike theories in physical science‚ social
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for his work on the Second treatise on the government. Locke believed that Man tended to be naturally moral whereas Hobbes disagreed. In this essay‚ I will be contrasting both accounts and analysing the view points on the state of nature. Hobbes’s describes the state of nature as “..nasty‚ brutish and short” (Hobbes‚ 2009). He believed that people tended to be naturally cruel and greedy and that
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together in peace and ultimately avoid conflict. Due to Hobbes’ apparent lack of faith in the human race‚Hobbes believes that where political authority exists‚ the people’s only duty is to obey those in power since‚ according to his depiction of the state of nature‚ they are unable to handle themselves without being somehow led astray by aspirations driven by power and glory. Without a powerful sovereign authority‚ Hobbes believes that the government would eventually be led to anarchy. His focus on the individual
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ultimately have power over them from then on. Locke saw the agreement as less binding. Because he believed that each individual was born with certain natural rights that no other human being could revoke‚ the contract between the individuals and the state would always be conditional – meaning that individuals retained the option to withdraw their consent and preserve those natural rights whenever they saw
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