Lecture 2: Pricing by Arbitrage Readings: Ingersoll – Chapter 2 Dybvig & Ross – “Arbitrage‚” New Palgrave entry Ross – “A Simple Approach to the Valuation of Risky Streams‚” Journal of Business‚ 1978 Here we will take a first look at a financial market using a simple state space model. We first develop some structure then examine the implications of the absence of arbitrage. Often in finance problems‚ uncertainty is characterized by the use of a set of random variables with a particular
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Transportation Cost & Pricing Transportation Cost & Pricing Compare and contrast the cost structures of rail‚ motor carriers‚ and air. When you compare the rail cost structure to that of the cost structures of the motor‚ and air carriers‚ you will see that the rail carriers have a high structure cost. “One of the characteristics of railroads as previously noted is the level of fixed costs present in their cost structures.” (Coyle‚ 2011) These fixed cost exists because the ownership of
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Predatory pricing is a practice in which a company attempts to gain control of a market by cutting its prices to levels well below those of competitors‚ so that those competitors go out of business because they cannot match those prices‚ or they cannot sustain lowered prices because they lack capital. This tactic is illegal in many regions of the world‚ although it can be very difficult to prove that a company is really engaging in predatory pricing. Some economists have suggested that this practice
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potential increase in sales for either company entering that market alone would be at least 40% (2000 units). If they both entered‚ the potential sales increase would be at least 20% for each of them. Unfortunately‚ reaching that market would require pricing at $8.50‚ 15% below current levels. (a) If either company could
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Market Structures and Pricing Strategies Kiona Thomas American Public University Econ600 Abstract The article analyzes the four main market structures‚ which are perfect competition‚ monopolistic competition‚ oligopoly and monopoly. It provides a detail description of the market‚ as well as explains the pricing strategy a firm would pursue in that particular market. The article also concludes with a real world example of Visa pricing strategy by examining it oligopoly market
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or services is worth to the customer. 2. Pricing decision is usually viewed as a way to recover cost‚ but we need to take the customer into the account/ consideration. The price could be higher than customers are willing to pay for that product. 3. The major factors affecting price are: a. Marketing Strategy b. Customer perceived Value c. Competition d. Cost 4. Role of Marketing Strategy in Pricing a. Price should be consistent with the pricing strategy. b. Target market decision affects
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NESTLE PRICING STRATEGY Price In Price strategy‚ Nestle has adopted the strategy of non-price competition. It is offering one price for NPL to all. It also keeps the check on distributors to maintain single price of NPL. It offers trade discounts to its distributors. “Price is the amount of money and/or other items with utility needed to acquire a product and utility is an attribute with potential to satisfy the wants.” A product price influences wages‚ rent‚ interests‚ and profits. Some
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The role of trans-Atlantic trade and Great Britain’s mercantilist policies in the economic development of the British North American colonies in the period from 1650 to 1750 was to create the colonies into self-sufficient areas of living. Triangular trade within the United States‚ Great Britain‚ the West Indies‚ and Africa helped to distribute and/or import and export essential factors. The theory of mercantilism is “that a state should be as economically self-sufficient as possible” and it stipulates
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Marketing Management Psychological Pricing Rodrigo Fernández-Romero. 20th March 2010. Psychological Pricing Many sellers believe that prices should end in an odd number (9‚99€) instead of 10€ as price. Why?. • • • Because consumers have the tendency of ignoring the last digits instead of doing the rounding. Although actually seeing the cents‚ they may subconsciously ignore them. Some suggest that this effect may be enhanced when the cents are printed smaller (for example‚ €19.99)
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The atlantic system was a trade in the 1600s between Africa‚ Europe‚ and the Americas. It was an extraordinary trade of peoples‚ plants‚ animals‚ and diseases. It had an impact around the world and still does to this day. It is considered a drastic turning point in human history and earth’s ecology. There are good and bad sides of the creation of the atlantic system. Some were intentionally brought to different places and some were accidental. The most profound impact of the atlantic system was the
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