vaporization is boiling‚ which‚ instead‚ occurs within the entire mass of the liquid and can also take place when the vapor phase is saturated‚ such as when steam is produced in a boiler. Evaporation that occurs directly from the solid phase‚ as commonly observed with ice or moth crystals (napthalene or paradichlorobenzine)‚ is called sublimation. Distillation is the technique of heating a liquid to create vapor which is collected when cooled separate from
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TABLE OF CONTENT Content Page Introduction Type of Distillation Column Operation of Distillation Column Application in Industry Drawing of simple PFD Problems solving 1.0 INTRODUCTION Distillation is defined as a process in which a liquid or vapour mixture of two or more substances is separated into its component fractions of desired purity‚ by the application and removal of heat. Distillation is the most commonly used separation process in the chemistry and petrochemical industry‚ mostly
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TITLE: Oxidation: Cyclohexanone from Cyclohexanol by Hypochlorite Oxidation and Adipic Acid from Cyclohexanone DATE: 4/18/2014 INTRODUCTION: In experiment 4‚ alcohol is oxidized to a ketone with household bleach. The product is then isolated by steam distillation and is extracted into the distillate with ether. After the removal of ether‚ it leaves the product cyclohexanone. In experiment 6‚ cyclohexanone is oxidized by potassium permanganate. Manganese dioxide is filtered off and the filtrate is concentrated
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Fluidity e) Shape f) Kinetic energy g) Rigidity 17. Why does steam cause more sever burns than boiling water‚ though both are at same temperature? 18. What is a dry ice and how is it prepared? 19. Describe an activity to show a change of state directly from solid to gaseous state taking the example of ammonium chloride. 20. Alka was making tea in a kettle .Suddenly she felt intense heat from the puff of steam gushing
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of a Carboxylic acid where it is heated with an alcohol in the presence of a strong acid which acts as a catalyst. The ester produced had a banana flavor. The extraction of the crude product was conducted using sodium bicarbonate followed by distillation. The resulting product obtained was 4.491g of Isopentyl Acetate‚ indicating a 70.02 percent yield. Based on the IR data‚ it was verified that the end products were as desired. The Isopentyl Acetate carbonyl bond was evaluated to be around 1742
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1 CHAPTER 1 PROJECT BACKGROUND 1.0 PROJECT BACKGROUND The main objective is to design an economic Acrylonitrile chemical plant with safer ways of processes for a minimum production rate of 100‚ 000 metric tonnes/year. 1.1 INTRODUCTION Recently‚ production of acrylonitrile has been increasing every year in many countries. The rapid growth of the industry is mainly attributed to the availability of oil and gas as feedstock‚ a well-developed infrastructure‚ and a strong base
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Business Opportunity Originated‚ Screened and Confirmed Viable: Water desalination is the removal of salts and dissolved solids from saline water (brackish or seawater)‚ also known as Desalting or Desalinization. In addition to the removal of minerals‚ the process removes most biological or organic chemical compounds. Desalination systems have been used to supply potable water for coastal communities and urban centers in more than 40 countries. Desalination plants operate in almost all of the world’s
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flakes or shredded coconut 60g palm sugar‚ coarsely grated ½ teaspoon ground cinnamon ½ teaspoon ground cardamom ½ teaspoon ground nutmeg 1 teaspoon Sichuan peppercorns 125ml (½ cup) milk 20 gow gee wrappers Vegetable oil‚ for frying 110g (½ cup) brown sugar 250ml (1 cup) thickened cream 2 tablespoons dark soy sauce Add to Shopping List Method 1. To make the filling‚ combine coconut‚ palm sugar‚ cinnamon‚ cardamom‚ nutmeg‚ peppercorns and milk in a saucepan set over low heat. Cook
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action resulted in an ethanol yield comparable to that of a traditional high-temperature cooking process. Pressurized distillation gave a satisfactory recovery efficiency of ethanol but was slightly lower than that obtained from atmospheric pressure distillation. Over 40% of the normal steam consumption was saved by adopting the low-temperature cooking and pressurized distillation systems in the cassava-to-ethanol process. The yield of anhydrous ethanol varied with the starch content in fresh cassava
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an aqueous solution sodium bromide. The sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst in converting the OH functional group of butanol‚ to a better leaving group. In order for this reaction to synthesis 1-Bromobutane‚ four major methods refluxing‚ simple distillation‚ separation‚ and gravity filtration needs to be performed. Chemical Reaction: NaBr‚ H2SO4 NaBr‚ H2SO4 Apparatus: Table of Physical Constants and Reagents: Name | MW | Grams Used | Moles | Density g/mL @ 25°C | Boiling Point°C
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