PHARMACOGNOSY REVIEWER In pharmacognosy‚ drugs may be classified based on morphology‚ chemical constituents and therapeutic applications (NOT price in the market) Factors that influence secondary constituent: heredity‚ ontogeny‚ environment Chromatography: process based on distribution of mixture between 2 phases General Information Discoverers/Scientists Joseph Caventou & Pelletier Quinine antimalarial Pierre Robiquet Codeine/Narcotine Philip Geiger & Rudolf Brandes Hyoscyamine and
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crushing the seeds‚ then placing them into a distillation apparatus. The distillation apparatus evaporated the liquid from the seeds‚ which was captured in a flask. Next‚ DCM was added to the distillate‚ which allowed the water to be separated from the anise oil. Finally‚ the DCM evaporated and the pure anise oil was collected. The process of steam distillation allowed the anise oil in the seeds to be safely separated from the seeds. During the distillation process‚ water and crushed up seeds were
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suspension boiled before either pure substance would normally boil. Since many essential oils contain liquids that may not survive heating at higher temperatures‚ steam distillation is an especially advantageous technique for isolating them because their immiscible mixture with water boils below 100
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Abstract Plant-based repellents have been used for generations in traditional practice as a personal protection measure against host-seeking mosquitoes. Knowledge on traditional repellent plants obtained through ethno botanical studies is a valuable resource for the development of new natural products. Recently‚ commercial repellent products containing plant-based ingredients have gained increasing popularity among consumers‚ as these are commonly perceived as “safe” in comparison to long-established
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painful or uncomforatable insect bites.And on of natural insect repellant is the lemon grass(Cymbopogon Citratus).Determing the effectiveness of lemon grass as insect repellent is the main goal of the study.Specially‚it intends to apply the Steam Distillation Technique in obtainingthe natural elements and essential oil of lemon grass such as citraland citronella.Using two candies as observation‚ one is with extract of lemon grass and other is without extract of lemon grass.In fourteen minutes‚one
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burnt in stack. The material and energy balance in a plant design is necessary because this fixes the relative flow rates of different flow streams and temperatures in the flow sheet. Notations used: Msteam = Mass flow rate of steam. N +steam = enthalpy of steam. E = Mass flow rate of ethanol. A = Mass flow rate of acetaldehyde. H = Mass flow rate of hydrogen. Cp = specific heat capacity. /DWHQW KHDW RI YDSRUL]DWLRQ Basis: One hour of operation. Amount of acetaldehyde to be produced
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disposal. So‚ we are here with an idea of using that waste peelings to produce ethanol to help for its increasing demand in the present situation. Method: The production of Ethanol from Banana peels involves two phases. i)Fermentation ii)Distillation The peels of nendran variety of bananas are taken as they are rich in cellulose and are kept in hot oven at 338K and dried sample is taken and is dissolved in hot water for starch extraction through soxhlet apparatus. This solution is treated
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College of food science &technology‚ bapatla-522101 CERTIFICATE Certified that this is a bonafide record done in B.tech(food technology) by S.CHITRA SAI‚ BF-09-011
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OXIDATION OF CYCLOHEXANOL TO CYCLOHEXANONE The oxidation of cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone involves the removal of hydrogen from the OH group. After separation and purification‚ an Infrared Spectrum will be run to determine the composition of the recovered material. Infrared Spectroscopy is a very powerful technique used in the determination of molecular structure and the identification of unknown organic materials. The infrared spectrum yields direct
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Chemistry of Garlic - Key Compounds in Garlic Although garlic has been traditionally used for over 5‚000 years‚ most scientific significance has just been developed in the past 50 years. The key compounds in garlic and its preparations include the following phytochemicals. Sulfur-containing compounds Recently‚ researchers have been focusing on the benefits of a variety of sulfur-containing compounds in garlic instead of allicin. These are classified as oil- and water-soluble compounds. Oil-soluble
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