evidence Discuss which factors determine whether abstraction or hyperspecificity is observed 4 memory II Abstraction & generalisation Hyperspecificity Break Encoding specificity Transfer-appropriate processing (brief sketch) Abstraction vs. hyperspecificity 5 Abstraction Another principle that is more encompassing than localised theories Abstraction and generalisation A famous study by Sachs (1967) Presented people with a paragraph like the following: 6 Sachs (1967): Abstraction
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UK ABA Autism Education Competence Framework Version 1.1 November 2011 LEVEL 1 ENGLAND CEIEC The UK ABA (Applied Behaviour Analysis) Autism Education Competence Framework is for practitioners working with children and young people with autism. The project has been funded by Ambitious about Autism‚ the national charity for children and young people with autism‚ primarily through generous grant donations. A project management group‚ led by Ambitious about Autism and including Bangor University
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rang because it could not make any association with the book. Behaviourism‚ which adopts a reductionist approach of only regarding the stimulus- response processing of the environment neglects the interaction of the mind‚ the body and the external social environment (Bem‚ 2001). This phenomena increases the possibility of prejudice on objectivity‚ generalisation and validity of the study
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CS (conditioned stimulus) and UCS (unconditioned Stimulus) are continuously paired together and cause a CR (conditioned response). There are a number of concepts drawn from Pavlov’s research: 1. Acquisition: first stage of learning(repeated a few times) 2. Stimulus Generalisation: Instead of using one particular stimulus you can change and use another one 3. Extinction: Refers to the disappearance of the conditioned response due to the non-appearance of the unconditioned stimulus 4. Spontaneous
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properties of events ’(Naime‚ Psychology) Through a reaction to a stimulus or an emotion‚ a humans will act accordingly due to their pervious reaction and experience of a situation. One does not simply acquire fear toward a situation unless they have had a disturbing experience or have been warned of the consequences of their actions‚ by another. Fear is acquired though life experiences. One associates their trauma to a stimulus‚ therefore one learns by association. ‘In acquiring these fears‚ a
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Psychodynamic Theory: Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality To Freud‚ the mind was a mechanistic energy system that derived mental energy from the physical functioning of the body and constantly attempted to moderate this physical effort or tension by restoring it to a quiet steady (quiescent) state. This energy is not evenly distributed to all human purpose or functioning‚ and if blocked from expression will manifest itself as anxiety‚ which through cathartic release‚ prescribes a least resistant
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Revision Notes- Abnormality Definition of abnormality * Failure to function adequately- An assessment of an individual whose disability prevents them from pursing normal goals and activities. Rosenhan and Seligman (89)-7 characteristics; Suffering- most abnormal individuals report that they are suffering Maladaptiveness- danger to self (usually occurs as a result of lacking relevant knowledge and skill) Vivid/unconventional behaviour- ways in which abnormal individuals tend to behave often
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white rat alone‚ Albert cried. Five days later when he was presented with a rabbit‚ Santa’s coat‚ dog and Watson’s hair‚ Albert showed a generalisation of his conditioned response of fear to these objects. This study prompted Watson to conclude that phobias are most likely conditioned responses. He stated that phobias are either a fear of an original stimulus or the fear has been transferred to other stimuli as one grows older. Watson through his experiment with ‘Little Albert’ believed that conditioned
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Behaviours not dependent on learning Reflex action – a simple‚ automatic‚ involuntary response to a specific stimulus that comes directly from the nervous system and is basically the same each time it occurs. Fixed action pattern (FAP) – the innate predisposition – essentially identical among most members of a species – to behave in a certain way in response to a specific environmental stimulus; also known as species specific behaviour. Maturation behaviours – innate‚ age-related behaviours that result
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LEARNING THEORY by Bob Boakes Psychology and You‚ pp.59-63‚ Hawker Brownlow Education‚ Melbourne Australia Learning is the process by which we gain knowledge about the world. It is not just something we try to switch on occasionally when‚ for example‚ we have an exam to study for or want to try a new game. It is a process that starts before we are born and continues to the moment we die. The kind of concentrated‚ deliberate process that we usually refer to as ‘learning’ in a school context is only
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