response to a sound (Classical Studies in Psychology‚ Swartz). After further investigation‚ Pavlov realized that the dogs "learned" that every time they heard that sound‚ they were about to be fed. “This ‘pairing’ of a stimulus that naturally caused a biological response with another stimulus that did not reflexively cause a response is the essence of classical conditioning” (Classical Studies in Psychology‚ Swartz).
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Unconditioned Stimulus (US)- Any stimulus that is capable of reflexive response. Unconditioned Response UR An innate (in-born‚ automatic) reflex response elicited or reflex triggered by an unconditioned stimulus (food). Conditioned Stimulus (CS)-A stimulus that evokes/triggers a response because it has been repeatedly paired/associated with an unconditional stimulus (bell) Conditioned Response (CR)- A learned response elicited or triggered by a conditioned stimulus. (Salivation) Neutral Stimulus (NS)-
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(in press‚ International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence‚ 1999). [11] Singh‚ S. 2D spiral recognition using possibilistic measures‚ Pattern Recognition Letters 1998; 19(2):141-147. 15 [12] Singh‚ S. Effect of noise on generalisation in Massively Parallel Fuzzy Systems‚ Pattern Recognition‚ vol. 31‚ issue 9‚ 1998. [13] Singh‚ S. Massively Parallel Fuzzy Systems: The case of the three spiral recognition‚ In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems FUZZ-IEEE
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findings-Criticisms Classical conditioning is a technique used in behavioral training. A naturally occurring stimulus is paired with a response. Then‚ a previously neutral stimulus is paired with the naturally occurring stimulus. Eventually‚ the previously neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response without the presence of the naturally occurring stimulus. The two elements are then known as the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response. Pavlov’s dogs Pavlov used dogs and the natural salivation response
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automatically thinks that Britishness relates to being English or originating from England. This is not the case as Britain contains England‚ Scotland‚ Wales and Northern Ireland. This is generally overlooked and irritates each nation as all are put in a generalisation. Another topic of discussion is that of immigrants that add to a multicultural Britain. A lot has be observed about this subject‚ but as Derek Draper believes‚ ’I increasingly think we should abandon the idea of Britishness and acknowledge
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EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATIONS Animal Aggression Lorenz- aggressive behaviour in animals have the following functions: • Selection of the fittest for survival • Aggression will protect the young animals for survival • Distribution of animal territories What are the criticisms of Lorenz? Human Aggression Benign Aggression and Malignant Aggression Nelson: the 3 basic factors affecting human aggression • Process of Learning: Social Learning theory-observation/imitation‚ Learning strategies
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Key innovation in human evolution is the development of bipedalism and gradual increase in size of brains. The evolution might have occurred due to change in climate and environment which lead to reduction and replacement of trees with grasslands. Due to presence of large numbers of trees‚ it was easier for our ancestors to have quadrupedalism instead of bipedalism‚ so that they can climb on trees and move from one place to another. But with the decrease in number of trees‚ requirement for bipedalism
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Criminal Law Formative Essay The Government intends to table the Clothing Degrading to Women (Prohibition) Bill 2011 in Parliament‚ following the example of other European Countries. The title of the Bill indicates that inter alia‚ the Government’s main intention is to promote gender equality across all cultural and religious groups in then UK. This memo discusses the legal feasibility of this Bill. Principle of Minimal Criminalisation This principle states that conduct should be criminalised only
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“intrusion” of the State and its monopoly on new spheres as education‚ health or security resulted in a form of state monopoly in almost all public goods‚ giving to the state the role of first employer of organized workers in the country. The generalisation of taxes‚ the ownership of public utilities transformed the state into an arbiter between individuals. But this rise of a welfare state pointed out in the same time its dysfunctions and its failures. Corruption and nepotism put into question
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behavior resulting from experience Classical Conditioning – a form of learning in which the first stimulus is the signal of the occurrence of the second stimulus Unconditioned stimulus (US/UCS) – the original stimulus that elicits a response Unconditioned response (UR/UCR) – the involuntary‚ reflexive response to unconditioned stimulus Conditioned stimulus – the stimulus associating with the original stimulus to elicit a response Conditioned response – salvation elicit from the bell (not getting there
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