Ionic bonding is known as a type of chemical bond where the valence electrons are lost from one atom and gained by another. This exchange results in a more from one atom and gained by another. When an atom gains or loses electrons while being bonded with another atom an ion is formed. This bond causes an atom to become either a positive or negative ion. Electrons have a negative charge‚ meaning that if an atom loses an electron‚ the amount of protons are greater than electrons. This makes the atom
Premium Ion Molecule Atom
Introduction to the Magnetic Treatment of Fuel By R.J. Kita Hydrogen is the lightest and most basic element known to man. With its simple structure comprised of only one proton and one electron‚ it is one of the major constituents of all hydrocarbon based fuels. By studying the response of hydrogen with respect to magnetic fields and the accompanying increased energy output‚ much can be learned and applied to other related fuels. In the oxidation/combustion of hydrocarbon fuels‚ it is the outer shell
Premium Hydrogen Internal combustion engine Carbon monoxide
SOLVENT EXTRACTION Solvent extraction‚ also known as liquid extraction and partitioning‚ is a method to separate compounds based on their relative solubility in two different immiscible liquid‚ usually water and organic solvent. It is an extraction from one liquid phase to another liquid phrase. Liquid extraction is a basic technique in chemical laboratories‚ where it is performed using a separator funnel. This type of process is commonly performed after a chemical reaction as part of the work-up
Premium Acetic acid Solubility Solvent
Lab Report: Titration Lab Prepare a solution of a given concentration; understand titration including acid-base reactions‚ pH‚ stoichiometry and molar equivalence. Chemicals and equipment: NaOH pellets close to purity‚ HCl 3M‚ phenolphtalein Beckers‚ flasks‚ burette‚ magnetic or manual stir pHmeter Waste management: The waste disposal will be handled through neutralization of your excess reactant to a pH between 4.0 and 10.0 and disposal with abundant rinsing. As a preparation for the
Free Titration
prepare the standard. Reagents used as standards are divided into primary reagent and secondary reagent. A primary reagent can be used to prepare a standard containing an accurately known amount of analyte. A primary reagent must have a known stoichiometry‚ a known purity (or assay) and be stable during a long term storage both in solid and solution form. The purity of a secondary reagent in a solid form or the concentration of a standard prepared from a secondary reagent must be determined relative
Premium Titration Hydrochloric acid Sodium carbonate
Title: Preparation of Cyclohexene from Cyclohexanol Aim: To prepare an alkene‚ cyclohexene‚ by the dehydration of an alcohol‚ cyclohexanol‚ and better understand the processes that take place during this reaction. Introduction: One of the common ways of preparing an alkene is through the dehydration of an alcohol. In this experiment cyclohexanol is dehydrated to prepare cyclohexene while using sulfuric acid as a catalyst. A bromine test can be later done to ensure that the end product is
Premium Sodium hydroxide Water Stoichiometry
During this experiment‚ the method of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was conducted using a negatively charged protein and pre-stained molecular weight markers. The hypothesis was that the molecular weight of N-acetyl-β-D-hexosaminidase B would be 28‚000 kDa. To confirm or reject the hypothesis‚ the molecular weight of N-acetyl-β-D-hexosaminidase B and the concentration of protein had to be determined. The electrophoresis of the protein gel were conducted using
Premium Molecular biology Solvent
V. Kumar Dean Sri Chaitanya Educational Institutions Hyderabad Chemistry - Ist year Chapter-wise Weightage of Marks Name of the Chapter Atomic Structure Periodic classification of elements Chemical bonding States of matter Stoichiometry Hydrogen and its compounds IA and IIA groups IIIA group IVA group Noble gases Environmental chemistry Organic chemistry Marks Weightage 8 8 8 6 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 12 Type of Questions 1 LAQ (or) 2 SAQ (or) 1 SAQ & 2VSAQ 1 LAQ (or) 1 SAQ & 2 VSAQ 1 LAQ (or) 1 SAQ &
Premium Quantum mechanics Atom Periodic table
reaction arrow as on the products side. Details on balancing chemical equations are found in the units on Stoichiometry and Redox Reactions. The general format for writing a chemical equation can be written in a short-hand version as a A + b B + … → c C + d D + … where the lower case letters are the stoichiometric coefficients needed to balance a specific equation. The units on Stoichiometry‚ Redox Reactions‚ and Acid-Base Chemistry contain additional background reading‚ example problems‚ and
Premium Chemical reaction
Within the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast‚ are two photosystems. Photosystem I optimally absorbs photons of a wavelength of 700 nm. Photosystem II optimally absorbs photons of a wavelength of 680 nm. The numbers indicate the order in which the photosystems were discovered‚ not the order of electron transfer. Under normal conditions electrons flow from PSII through cytochrome bf (a membrane bound protein analogous to Complex III of the mitochondrial electron transport chain) to PSI. Photosystem
Premium Photosynthesis