Conception of God: Spinoza follows the Stoics in drawing a distinction between rational action as self-caused activity and passions as external determination‚ he does state in a clear sense that “God alone is a free cause. For God alone exists only from the necessity of his nature… and acts from the necessity for his nature.” All other beings are “determined to exist and act by another and to produce an effect in a certain determinate manner.” God alone is an infinite being‚ and therefore is completely
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Brutus make force them to live through terrible experiences and do things against their beliefs‚ which they later regret. By the end of the narratives‚ both have become inured to suffering. This leads the two characters to follow the philosophy of stoicism‚ and show very little emotion. Because of what they have seen and done‚ both Paul and Brutus have become indifferent to pleasure and pain. Despite their many similarities‚ Paul and Brutus differ greatly in their feelings toward their country. Brutus
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Religion in Late Stoicism and the Place of God in Philosophy In Late Antiquity‚ Stoic philosophy started to experience a heavy influence of religion. Stoics and other philosophers began to believe in an ultimate god who was omniscient and omnipotent. Stoics believed that such God was the cause of everything that occurred‚ and that philosophy was a way of approaching God. These Stoic beliefs would ease the spread of Christianity throughout the empire due to their many similarities. In his book
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and have masters treat their slaves in a humane way. What Marcus Aurelius is also known for besides being a great ruler was his view on Stoicism. Aurelius was a strong follower of Stoicism and in order to show that‚ he wrote a series of collections that is known as Meditation. This work is an intimate self-portrait of himself and what his views are on Stoicism. It is said that Aurelius wrote many of these collections while he was in battle. Meditations is now a classic of the Stoic
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best one. Geometry was often used in art by the Ancient Greeks when portraying religious scenes or influences because it would allow for a sense of heavenly perfection. This technique was taken up by Renaissance artists due to their interest in Neoplatonism which brought together Greek philosophy and Christian theology. In da Vinci’s “The Last Supper”‚ Christ’s body is very balanced‚ forming what looks to be an
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Cosimo de Medici grew up gaining the interest in artistic achievements and knowledge in his quest to become someone great. His father was Giovanni de Medici who started the family’s banking and trading empires. When his father passed on‚ Cosmo became the chief controller of the family’s finances. His central bank was the Medici bank that propelled him to be the wealthiest man during his times. Despite him being rich‚ Cosmo was concerned about the plight of the less fortunate people in the city
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government‚ civics and the arts. This pivotal time in history helped shape the way western culture and civilization is today. One important philosophy of this time period was Stoicism which first appeared in the Greek Hellenistic period. This popular‚ optimistic school of thought continued into the Roman Era. The main points of Stoicism were “acceptance of fate and duty‚ and the kinship of all people.” (p.17) “Kinship of all people” influenced Roman Law providing the goal of justice for everyone‚ which
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SUMMARY OF THE FOUR HELLENISTIC PHILOSOPHIES STOICISM: The key philosopher for stoicism was Zeno of Cyprus (335-263 B.C). The Stoics sought a disciplined simple life modeled after nature. They tried to control their emotions and avoided excesses. They believed that senses and reason alone reveal the truth. They believed that everyone had a divine spark‚ thus everyone was equal. They also believed that citizens should pay an active role in public affairs since the world is like a great city. Today
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Genesis of REBT – The Historic thought/Ellis’s inspiration 3rd Century BC in Greece & roman Empire Stoicism was School of Philosophy – Key Philosophers -- Zeno of Citium (the founder of the school)‚ Chrysippus [his most influential disciple]‚ Panaetius of Rhodes (who introduced Stoicism into Rome)‚ Cicero‚ Seneca‚ Epictetus‚ and Marcus Aurelius. Following were the key beliefs: * Destructive emotions resulted from errors in judgment‚ and that a sage‚ or person of "moral and intellectual
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Hellenistic period‚ many advances came about in different fields such as engineering‚ mathematics‚ and medicine. New philosophies and religions emerged as well. There were various types of philosophies during the Hellenistic period‚ these include Cynicism‚ Stoicism‚ Epicureanism‚ and Skepticism. Cynicism was a philosophy that rejected the ideas of pleasure and wealth; they would withdraw
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