CHAPTER ONE 1.1 Introduction Earth is the water planet with more than two-thirds of its surface covered by water. Most of life on Earth is also primarily composed of water; our cells‚ and those of plants and animals are composed of approximately 70 percent water. Vast quantities of water also cycle through the Earth ’s atmosphere‚ oceans‚ land‚ and biosphere over both short and long time scales. This grand cycling of water is called the hydrologic cycle. Precipitation‚ evaporation
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rivers meet Overground • Channel flow- Raindrops might fall directly into a river or stream • Surface Runoff- Water runs downhill over the ground towards a river or stream 1. Rain travelling as surface runoff will get to rivers and streams much more quickly‚ reaching a river or stream with little delay within a short time-span 2. More likely to flood with surface runoff 3. Surface runoff-> shorter lag time-> higher river peak discharge->more likelihood of flooding Underground • Raindrops
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Undara Lava tubes consist of a lava field remaining from a massive volcanic eruption of Mt Undara which occurred 190‚000 years ago. During the Cenozoic‚ there was wide spread igneous activity in Eastern Australia. Volcanism commenced in the late Cretaceous (approximately 70 Ma) and continued through the Cenozoic. The cenozoic is the current geological era. It began 66 million years ago and continues today. About 23.3 km³ of lava flowed from the Mt Undara volcano at an estimated rate of 1000 m³ a
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can store frozen water for thousands of years. Most water falls back into the oceans or onto land as rain‚ where the water flows over the ground as surface runoff. A portion of runoff enters rivers in valleys in the landscape‚ with streamflow moving water towards the oceans. Runoff and groundwater are stored as freshwater in lakes. Not all runoff flows into
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WATER CYCLE Water Cycle‚ also known as hydrologic cycle‚ is a process that is constantly recycling the Earth ’s supply of water. This is important because humans‚ animals‚ and plants all need water to survive. It is controlled by the sun‚ which produces energy in the form of heat. This heat energy causes the water in the world ’s oceans‚ lakes‚ etc. to warm and evaporate. As the water is heated‚ it changes its phase from liquid to gas. This gas is called water vapor and this process is called
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shearing force of water flow sediment transport => flowing water sediment yield => surface runoff velocity Decreases sediment deposited => large particles first Sediment Transport Transport Capacity - amount of sediment moving water is able to carry (depends on energy available-- velocity) Sediment Load - amount of sediment actually carried 6 Upland SOIL Erosion Factors • Hydrology (rainfall and runoff) •Topography • Soil type (composition‚ organic matter) • Soil Particle size •Land cover
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11740 certificate iv in business BSBSUS301A IMPLEMENT AND MONITOR ENVIRONMENT SUSTAINABLE WORK PRACTICES BSBMGT402A IMPLEMENT OPERATIONAL PLAN 11740 CERTIFICATE IV BUSINESS Introduction: Pioneer Cryogenics is a highly experienced‚ 100% Australian owned‚ manufacturer of quality cryogenic storage and transport solutions. Comprising qualified professional
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Industry Visit – NeWater Plant An industry visit to Changi NeWater plant took place on 22nd February 2013 under the supervision of Amity faculty‚ Aditya Gupta. It was for a duration of 3 hours and our guide in NeWater was Sharul Mustafa. The guide gave a brief history about Singapore and the reasons why this plant was started. It was a very informative and enriching experience that helped us in understanding the value of nature and optimizing use of limited resources. As a souvenir a bottle of NeWater
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RAIN WATER HARVESTING AND ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUND WATER RAJASTHAN CONTEXT by Dr. S. K. GUPTA Scientist ‘D’ Central Ground Water Board Western Region‚ Jaipur Rain water harvesting and Artificial recharge of ground water Rainwater harvesting is the technique of collection and storage of rain water at surface or in subsurface aquifer‚ before it is lost as surface run off or as evaporation. The artificial recharge to ground water is a process by which the ground water reservoir is augmented
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HARVESTING RAINWATER FOR LANDSCAPE USE PATRICIA H. WATERFALL Extension Agent‚ University of Arizona Cooperative Extension/Low 4 Program Second Edition‚ October 2004 Revised 2006 Cooperative Extension College of Agriculture and Life Sciences The University of Arizona Tucson‚ AZ 85721 Second Edition‚ October 2004/Revised 2006 • AZ1344 Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work‚ acts of May 8 and June 30‚ 1914‚ in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture‚ James A
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