progeny by discrete‚ independent units‚ later called genes. His observations laid the groundwork for the field of genetics. 1869 Friedrich Miescher discovers a weak acid in the nuclei of white blood cells in the sperm of trout that today we call DNA. 1877 A technique for staining and identifying bacteria is developed by Koch. 1878 The first centrifuge is developed by Gustaf de Laval. 1879 In Michigan‚ Darwin devotee William James Beal makes the first clinically controlled crosses
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We eat fruits and vegetables every single day. But what do we really know about them? Tomatoes as big as a bicycle‚ wheat resisting insects and strawberry withstanding freezing temperatures. Did you know that many companies around the world start altering food in order for it to taste better‚ increase nutrients and last longer? We are manipulating DNA ’s of animals and plants together to form unnatural living forms. This makes new‚ unpredictable health and environmental risks. Once a crop is genetically
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derived from GMOs. Most recently‚ biotech companies have inserted herbicide-resistance genes into wheat‚ fish genes into strawberries‚ human genes into fish and pharmaceuticals like birth control into corn. Genetically modified food refers to the origin of food from genetically modified organisms‚ produced by genetic engineer. History: Scientists first discovered that DNA can transfer between organisms in 1946.The first genetically modified plant was produced in 1983‚ using an antibiotic-resistant
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foods is done by changing the genes of a cell. Genes are a progression of bases which code for a sequence of amino acids. Amino acids make up proteins which we need for our body to function. The DNA is made of the four bases; Adenine‚ Thymine‚ Cytosine and Guanine. Genes are then added or taken from the DNA which changes the colour‚ size‚ shape‚ nutritional value or the way in which the plant or animal grows. With support from scientists farmers have been genetically modifying their crops for quite
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colour‚ and the inheritance of disorders such as cystic fibrosis. DNA You will remember from your Key Stage 3 studies that the nucleus controls the activities of a cell. The instructions for how an organism develops are found in the nuclei of its cells Chromosomes Chromosomes are structures found in the nucleus of most cells. They consist of long strands of a substance called deoxyribonucleic acid‚ or DNA for short. A section of DNA that has the genetic code for making a particular protein is called
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What are Antioxidants? In the world of molecules‚ antioxidants are true superheroes. They are our bodies’ first line of defense against free radicals‚ which are unstable molecules that can wreak all kinds of havoc on cells‚ proteins and DNA. In order to understand why antioxidants are so important‚ we need to get acquainted with their enemies: Free Radicals Free radicals are formed within our bodies as by-products of normal aerobic respiration‚ metabolism‚ and inflammation. They also arise from
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What is Organic? The word ’Organic’ means ’living’‚ and in practical terms‚ this means natural food that is grown and processed without chemical fertilizers‚ pesticides‚ herbicides or fungicides. Nothing unnatural is allowed so there are no growth hormones‚ antibiotics‚ preservatives‚ dyes‚ chemical coatings or irradiation allowed. There is no genetic engineering allowed in organic foods. Organic food is nothing else but good pure nutritional food - the way it used to be. Toxic overload
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process known as asexual reproduction. However‚ by the late 20th century‚ scientists developed a method to manipulate an organism’s deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)‚ known as genetic engineering. This development led to the birth of animal clones and many ethical issues to follow. Cloning is defined as “a form of genetic engineering in which the DNA of a person‚ animal‚ plant‚ or even bacterium is used to produce a perfect or near-perfect genetic replica of the original” (Stanley‚ 2000a‚ p. 7). As stated
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Functional Groups of Organic Compounds A functional group is a specific arrangement of atoms in the HC derivative other than carbon and hydrogen. Literally‚ the functional group determines the functions of the particular HC derivative in chemical reactions. This means that the specific properties of the HC derivative are due to its functional group. Each functional group is attached to an alkyl radical (R). An alkyl radical is one H atom less than the given alkane. The alkyl radical (R) uses
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VITAMINS AND MINERALS Vitamins and minerals make people’s bodies work properly. Although you get vitamins and minerals from the foods you eat every day‚ some foods have more vitamins and minerals than others. Vitamins fall into two categories: fat soluble and water soluble. The fat-soluble vitamins — A‚ D‚ E‚ and K — dissolve in fat and can be stored in your body. The water-soluble vitamins — C and the B-complex vitamins (such as vitamins B6‚ B12‚ niacin‚ riboflavin‚ and folate) — need to dissolve
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