A critical look at the Communicative Approach (1) Michael Swan This (the first of two articles) examines some of the more theoretical ideas underlying the ‘Communicative Approach‘. These include the belief that we should teach ‘use’ as well as ‘meaning; and some attitudes regarding the teaching of ‘skills’ and ‘strategies’. A second article will deal with more pedagogical aspects of the approach‚ especially the idea of a ‘semantic syllabus’ and the question of ‘authenticity’ in materials and methodology
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Sigmund Freud influence on modern psychoanalysis completely revolutionised how the Western world thinks of the mind and human behaviour - and was the first European to investigate the concept of the unconscious. By using and developing techniques such as dream interpretation and free association‚ Freud is rightly called the founding father of Psychoanalysis‚ a term which he first used in 1896. This therapy is still widely used today. From 1882‚ Freud worked in psychiatric medicine. Over the course
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Weaknesses are aspects that the organisation does not do too well or features that aren’t good about the company. These are negative internal factors as they may prevent the firm from achieving its main objectives by acting as a barrier and making the achievement of goals and further business growth difficult. These factors make an organisation perform lower than its optimum level‚ as they are areas that need improvement to remain competitive and are intrinsically linked to the management of the
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The February Revolution was succeeded by the October Revolution of the same calendar year‚ which placed the Bolshevik’s in control. Tsar Nicholas II never wanted to be the ruler of 1/6 of the earth. He never had a desire for power and he never believed that his family‚ or Russia‚ would lose the monarchy. It was this nativity‚ which resulted in the collapse of the Russian monarchy and spending the last months of his life under house arrest as a political prisoner with an armed guard watching
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The Gestalt approach was about how people represent a problem in their own minds‚ and how solving a problem involves a reorganization or restructuring of this representation. The first central idea of Gestalt problem solving is how a problem is represented in a person’s mind. This means what do they think about the problem? They would give people a problem and then see how they could figure out how to solve it by restructuring the problem. Then the second idea of Gestalt is insight. Insight is
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The Three Levels of Obedience Julia B. Kulakowski Montessori Institute of San Diego The three levels of obedience are explained by Dr. Maria Montessori after long observations of children of multiple ages in her classroom. She defines the three of obedience as first‚ an ability to obey‚ but not all the time. Secondly an ability to obey at all times after developing their own will. Finally being able to obey consistently‚ moreover to follow another person which the child
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gained about why people obey. One of his most famous studies was conducted in 1963 on obedience. Obedience is compliance with an order‚ request‚ or law or submission to another’s authority. Milgram wanted to investigate why the German soldiers were very obedient to their authority figures and superiors and if that is an explanation for their mass killings in World War ll. The aim of Milgram’s study into obedience in 1963 was to see how far people would go in obeying instructions even if it involved
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11/21/2014 Obedience and the Authority If a person in a position of authority ordered you to deliver a 400-volt electrical shock to another person‚ would you follow orders? Most people‚ I think‚ would answer this question with an absolute No. However‚ Yale University psychologist Stanley Milgram conducted a series of the obedience experiments during the 1960s demonstrated surprising results. These experiments offer a powerful and disturbing look into the power of authority and obedience. Milgram
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Since Behaviourism‚ there has been a shift in the way psychologists view things which leads onto our new approach psychodynamic. The -psychodynamic approach arose by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud who was born in 1856 and in 1880 took a liking in psychiatry. The theories accentuates the unconscious motives and desires alongside also highlighting the vitality of our childhood experiences and how they impacted our personality. The main key assumptions of this theory is the endless determination
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Obedience Summary Stanley Milgrams experiments are some of the most recognized behavior experiments in psychology today. Milgrams most known experiment was ‘shocking’ to people and has also been controversial ethically. As Ian Parker stated it would “make his name and destroy his reputation.” Parkers Obedience essay talks much of Milgrams life before the experiment and how the psychology community thought about his ethics. Parker talks of Milgram struggling to place his findings in a scientific
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