emotional responses such as fear‚ anxiety or pleasure. Observational learning occurs through four processes attention‚ retention‚ production and motivation. Attention The initial condition required for effective modeling in Bandura’s Social Learning Theory is attention. According to Baron & Byrne‚ (2004) attention refers to information that we notice. The level of this attention is determined by various factors which may increase or decrease the extent of which attention is paid. These factors
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In this week I learned new knowledge about habits of mind‚ cognitive coaching‚ and characteristic of good coach and mentor. First I will focus on the main point of what I learned. Listening and its role in the success of understanding and dialogue‚ When we talk we would love others to listen to us. Perhaps this general nature in all of us. Hearing make you trust‚ respect and feel of your importance. The social psychologists have shown that listening well to others is not necessarily to end the full
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the various types of strain theory. 3. Compare and contrast social disorganization theory‚ differential association theory‚ and culture conflict theory. CHAPTER 7: Social Control Theory 1. Explain what social control theory. 2. Discuss the four social bonds that Hirschi posited that promote socialization and conformity. 3. Explain Matza’s concept of drift. 4. Compare and contrast the inner and outer containment mechanisms as set forth in Reckless’ containment theory. 5. Explain the evolving forms
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Evaluate Social Identity Theory making references to relevant studies. Social identity theory is designed by Tajfel and Turner (1979) to explain how it is that people develop a sense of membership and belonging in particular groups‚ and how the mechanics of intergroup discrimination. Several interconnected mechanisms are at work with social identity theory. The core idea is that people tend to seek out-group membership as an affirmation of self-esteem‚ but that membership in a group alone is not
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In criminology there are many different concepts‚ theories‚ and ideas that attempt to explain criminal behavior. All of them seek to define crime in a particular way or attempt to shed light on the reality of the “criminal” and why he or she is living that certain lifestyle. The Labeling Theory seeks to explain why people tend to act criminally after the term “criminal” has been placed on them. They have received that “label” so it is now their “reality”. As a human‚ being labeled a criminal by society
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memory II Abstraction & generalisation Hyperspecificity Break Encoding specificity Transfer-appropriate processing (brief sketch) Abstraction vs. hyperspecificity 5 Abstraction Another principle that is more encompassing than localised theories Abstraction and generalisation A famous study by Sachs (1967) Presented people with a paragraph like the following: 6 Sachs (1967): Abstraction in Memory Holland‚ a man named Lippershey was an eye-glass maker. One day his children were
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Mischel’s social learning theory was used in the evaluation of Frida Kahlo and righteously so. Kahlo embodied the idea that people learn from their life experiences. Kahlo’s father showed her many photographs he took of the Mexican indigenous culture‚ and in turn Kahlo expressed these views in her own personality. Looking into the personal construct theory‚ Richard Nixon is a prime example of the views George Kelly had. Nixon’s decisions showed the key points of Kelly’s theory. The theory states that
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COGNITIVE LEARNING What is cognitive learning? Not all cases of learning can easily be captured by classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Learning would be extremely inefficient if we had to rely completely on conditioning for all our learning. Human beings can learn efficiently by observation‚ taking instruction‚ and imitating the behavior of others. Cognitive learning is a powerful mechanism that provides the means of knowledge‚ and goes well beyond simple imitation of others. Conditioning
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Theories of Cognitive Development: An insight to the theories of Piaget‚ Information-processing and Vygotsky How do we learn? How do we grow? Over the years‚ psychologists have studied to great lengths the processes that humans go through as they progress from infancy to adulthood. Several theories have emerged over time with three prominent ones. Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky produced two important and distinct theories. Another important theory‚ the information-processing theory‚ presents
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way of thinking about cause and effect in the world that is learned as part of ecperiencing everyday life. An example is the permission schema that states that if a person satisfies conditions A‚ then he or she gets to carry out action B Social-n exchange theory correct: Answers will vary. Please see pages 364-367 3 Define the utility approach to decisions. Explain how emotions affect
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