Structural Adjustment Programs: The Impact on Nigerians Abstract Word Count: 8‚590 Nigeria’s economy for many decades thrived under agricultural exports until the government shifted its focus to crude oil exports. The repercussion of abandoning this sector was later felt in the early 1980s when the world crude oil prices fell and the production quota of Nigeria to the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) dipped. This made the government incur debts which led to balance of payment
Premium Economics International trade
IMF STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS IN AFRICA INTRODUCTION Beginning in 1980‚ the International monetary Fund (IMF) started to impose Structural Adjustment Programs (SAP) on African debtor nations. SAP’s have been imposed on 36 African Sub-Saharan countries under the assumption that neo-liberal reforms lead to economic growth and an increased standard of living. For that reason‚ focus was put on macroeconomic policies with the open market based approach. SAP’s generally mandated: -the removal
Premium Macroeconomics Africa Poverty
different accounts of the experience. The same concept of different perspectives can be seen between structural functionalists and conflict theorists. Structural Functionalism focuses on harmony within society. If there is a lack of harmony then society itself is distressed and out of order. Conflict Theory‚ however‚ is concerned with that society is in constant conflict. Whereas‚ for the structural functionalist‚ when society is not in a state of harmony within its established norms‚ or is in a state
Premium Sociology Conflict Structural functionalism
production coupled with deficiencies in national policy-making and most importantly weaknesses in the economic structure of these countries. These have left most SSA countries with acute balance of payments (BOP) disequilibria and an inability to service their debts to foreign bodies. In an effort to tackle the economic crises and to stimulate economic recovery‚ most African countries had to adjust and re-structure their economies. According to Dasgupta (1998)‚ structural adjustment was seen as a
Premium Economic development World Bank International Monetary Fund
The Form of Structural Equation Models Structural equation modeling incorporates several different approaches or frameworks to representing these models. In one well-known framework (popularized by Karl Jöreskog‚ University of Uppsala)‚ the general structural equation model can be represented by three matrix equations: However‚ in applied work‚ structural equation models are most often represented graphically. Here is a graphical example of a structural equation model: For more information
Premium Regression analysis Measurement
problems‚ worsening terms of trade‚ and a heavy foreign debt overhang‚ the Military regime of General Ibrahim Badamosi Babangida introduced some measures in order to bring about a balanced economic structure. And one the economic measures is the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) which was introduced on 26th September 1986. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SAP IN NIGERIA Nigeria had experienced a period of healthy increases in exports in 1970s. And thereafter‚ the growth slowed and then plunged
Premium Economics Nigeria Monetary policy
Structural functionalists‚ or functionalists view society as a whole‚ where each part such as the family‚ our education‚ the government‚ religion‚ and the economy work together in order to keep all of society as a whole living a sustainable lifestyle. According to Functionalism‚ society is a system of linked parts that work together to maintain a state of physical balance for all of society as a whole. Functionalists believe that society works together to promote unity and strength and focuses on
Premium Sociology Functionalism Structural functionalism
policy advise on Zambia¡¦. Jauch H‚ 1999. Structural Adjustment Programmes: their origin and international experiences Jorgensen N.O‚ 1982. Housing finance for low income groups. Housing research and development unit Mulundu I‚ 1997. The effects of Structural Adjustment Program on the property market; case of shops in Ndola Spicker P‚ 2002. An introduction to social policy. London Saasa O S‚ 1996 Zambia. Lusaka Turner J.F.C‚ 1976 Touwen A‚ 1996. Structural Adjustment and the Feminisation of poverty
Premium World Bank Economics Zambia
Reinforced Concrete Designer’s handbook (10th Ed.) pp. 7-8 Mosley W.H‚ and J.H Bungey and Hulse R Victor Oyenuga O. (2000) Simplified Reinforced Concrete Design (A consultant/computer based approach) (2nd Ed.) Morrisand L.J Victor Oyenuga O. (2002) A Structural Engineers Handbook. pp. 83‚ 57‚ 28‚ 218‚ 50‚ 59‚ 132 BS 6399 loadings for building
Premium Reinforced concrete Beam Column
A structural model of fashion-oriented impulse buying behavior Eun Joo Park Dong-A University‚ Busan‚ Korea‚ and Eun Young Kim and Judith Cardona Forney School of Merchandising and Hospitality Management‚ University of North Texas‚ Denton‚ Texas‚ USA Abstract Purpose This study aims to examine the causal relationships among fashion involvement‚ positive emotion‚ hedonic consumption tendency‚ and fashion-oriented impulse buying in the context of shopping. Design/methodology/approach
Premium Emotion Marketing Psychology