problems‚ worsening terms of trade‚ and a heavy foreign debt overhang‚ the Military regime of General Ibrahim Badamosi Babangida introduced some measures in order to bring about a balanced economic structure. And one the economic measures is the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) which was introduced on 26th September 1986. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SAP IN NIGERIA Nigeria had experienced a period of healthy increases in exports in 1970s. And thereafter‚ the growth slowed and then plunged
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COVER SHEET Kajewski‚ Stephen (2005) Multilevel Formwork Load Distribution with Posttensioned Slabs. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 131(2):pp. 203-210 Copyright 2005 American Society of Civil Engineers Accessed from: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/secure/00003700/01/CO-2003022775_Manuscript.pdf Multi-Level Formwork Load Distribution with Post-Tensioned Slabs By Dr Stephen L Kajewski1 Abstract: Formwork and the associated shoring represent a significant proportion of
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Lecture 1. Software Engineering Introduction‚ Objectives‚ Professional and ethical responsibility Objectives 1. To introduce software engineering and to explain its importance 2. To set out the answers to key questions about software engineering .3. To introduce ethical and professional issues and to explain why they are of concern to software engineers Software engineering The economies of ALL developed nations are dependent on software. More and more systems are software controlled.
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compressive strength. Due to such a low tensile capacity‚ flexural cracks develop at early stages of loading. In order to reduce or prevent such cracks from developing‚ a concentric or eccentric force is imposed in the longitudinal direction of the structural element. This force prevents the cracks from developing by eliminating or considerably reducing the tensile stresses at the critical midspan and support sections at service load‚ thereby raising the bending‚ shear‚ and torsional capacities of the
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Question1 The type of foundation used to support a building is dependent on the type of in-situ soil‚ the bearing pressure of that soil and the loads imposed by the structure on the soil. The Building regulations state that the minimum depth to the underside of a strip found is 0.45 for frost protection and this should be extended to 0.75 in clay soils‚ largely due to the water retention in these materials ( Osbourn and Greeno 2007). This depth is also required to protect the foundation from seasonal
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economic recovery‚ most African countries had to adjust and re-structure their economies. According to Dasgupta (1998)‚ structural adjustment was seen as a fact of life. Thus in the 1980s‚ most African countries initiated economic policies which were sponsored by the World Bank and supplemented by the International Monetary Fund(IMF) in the form of stabilisation and structural adjustment programmes (SAP). Between June 1986 and July 1987 alone twenty one SSA countries went through World Bank/IMF SAP
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carry out dilapidation surveys in the form of walk-through inspections which exclude opening up structures and materials and removing samples for detailed examination. As we are not structural engineers we have not inspected‚ assessed‚ recorded or commented on any property‚ structure or other asset in terms of its structural capability or suitability. It is impossible to predict what alterations‚ additions or extensions may be made to a property after site inspections‚ and the liability of Dilapidation
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strong‚ suspension bridges can span distances from 2‚000 to 7‚000 feet far longer than any other kind of bridge. Suspension bridges tend to be the most expensive to build. Many bridges in the past have had structural failure. One of the two major contributors to flaw is the weather and structural design. For example the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third longest in the world in 1940. The bridge would move from side to side in the wind‚ but after 4 months it was built the bridge collapsed in 42 mph
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Report on ENGINEERING COMPARISON BETWEEN FLEXIBLE AND RIGID PAVEMENT Submitted by . Md. Tahmidul Islam Farabi 06 02 03 031 4th Year 2nd Semester Department of Civil Engineering Ahsanullah University of Science & Technology Pavement The road pavement is the actual surface on which the vehicles will travel. It’s purpose is two fold‚ to provide friction for the vehicles and to transfer normal stresses to the underlying soils. Typically‚ pavements are built for three main purposes: 1.
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design evolves from well proven structural solution such as slender composite deck. Such a deck was used for first time for second Hooghly Bridge in Kolkata‚ the first cable-stayed bridge in India‚ and has become a common practice worldwide. The bridge
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