Figure 5.19 The mortar in unreinforced masonry walls such as these in Iran‚1990(A) can easily fail during an earthquake. Oftentimes the entire structure crumbles‚ leaving a pile of rubble in which survive. Shown in(B) is one of the many masonry homes to collapse during the 1988 Armenia earthquake (M6.9)‚ claiming nearly 25‚000 lives. The failure is called soft-story collapse. Soft-story collapse is a common problem in commercial building where the first floor has considerable open space for
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Seismic Vulnerability Assessment 1. Background Earthquakes and other natural hazards can create disasters of uncontrollable magnitudes when they hit large metropolitan areas. Earthquake risk assessment is used to quantify potential social and economic losses from earthquakes. Risk assessment is an integral part of disaster mitigation. It provides the critical information about on the characteristics of potential disasters in a region and allows planners to identify
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IMPORTANT VSAQ’S – Ist Year Chemistry(for N-TARGET) 1. What is Heisenburg uncertainity principle? 2. Significance of Ѱ & Ѱ2. 3. Difference B/w Orbit & Orbital. 4. What is shielding effect? How does it effect I.P Values. 5. What is diagonal relationship? 6. What is Lanthanide contraction? Give its consequences. 7. What types of bonds are present in NH4Cl? 8. What is dipole moment? 9. Why H2O has high B.P than HF? 10. What are Co-Ordination numbers of NaCl & CsCl. 11. Define Co-Ordinate
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bridge deck‚ no pasta piece used can exceed 4 inches in any dimension. • The span between the tables will be approximately 30 inches. • NO painting the bridge. • Must include a one-page report on how each type of pasta contributes to the overall structural strength of
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THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF TALL AND SPECIAL BUILDINGS Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. (2007) Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/tal.368 PROS AND CONS OF MULTISTORY RC TUNNEL-FORM (BOX-TYPE) BUILDINGS EROL KALKAN1* AND S. BAHADIR YÜKSEL2 2 1 California Geological Survey‚ Sacramento‚ CA‚ USA Department of Civil Engineering‚ Selcuk University‚ Konya‚ Turkey SUMMARY Tunnel-form structural systems (i.e.‚ box systems)‚ having a load-carrying mechanism
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yield (d) The number of grams of chloroethane that would have formed if the percentage yield had been 60.0%. 4. Propene‚ cis-pent-2-ene and trans-pent-2-ene are alkenes. (a) For each one give: (i) Its molecular formula (ii) Its structural formula (iii) Its displayed formula (iv) Its skeletal formula. (b) Give the general formula that is used to represent alkenes. (c) Two of these alkenes are isomers of each other. Identify which two. (d) Why is it not possible
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chemical equation. 3. Hydrocarbon `X` and `Y` having molecular formulae C3H8 and C3H6 respectively. Both are burnt in different spatula on the Bunsen flame. Indicate the color of the flame produced by `X` and `Y`. Identify `X` and `Y`. Write the structural formulae. 4. A compound `X` has molecular formula C4H10. It undergoes substitution reaction readily than addition reaction. It burns with blue flame and is present in LPG. Identify `X` and give the balanced equation for its combustion and substitution
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Structural weakness Typically‚ 1970’s structures may require additional strengthening as part of the refurbishment works. Analysis of whether any loadbearing components have been removed should always be conducted so as to determine if bracing is supported and any other evidence of structural issues. Moisture Structures typically built in the 1970’s would have fewer weather tightness concerns. Although‚ weathertightness can occasionally be an issue if any fitted cladding has deteriorated over time
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Footings are structural members used to support columns and walls and to transmit and distribute their loads to the soil in such a way that the load bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded‚ excessive settlement‚ differential settlement‚or rotation are prevented and adequate safety against overturning or sliding is maintained. A foundation is the lowest and supporting layer of a structure. Foundations are generally divided into two categories: shallow foundations and deep foundations.
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supported lightweight stringers‚ allowing the fabric covering to form a more aerodynamic shape‚ or one more pleasing to the eye. Geodesic construction Geodesic airframe fuselage structure is exposed by battle damage Geodesic structural elements were used by Barnes Wallis for British Vickers between the wars and into World War II to form the whole of the fuselage‚ including its aerodynamic shape. In this type of construction multiple flat strip stringers are wound about the formers
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