Methods‚ Approaches and History A. What is Psychology- 1. Scientific study- the understanding of behavioral and mental processes 2. Behavior- Anything an organism does‚ any action we can observe and record. i.e. yelling‚ smiling‚ blinking‚ sweating‚ and talking. 3. Mental Processes- the internal‚ subjective experiences we infer from behavior-sensations‚ perceptions‚ dreams‚ thoughts‚ beliefs‚ and feelings. B. The scientific Method 1. Testable Hypothesis- a testable prediction‚ often implied
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Psychology started‚ and had a long history‚ as a topic within the fields of philosophy and physiology. It then became an independent field of its own through the work of the German Wilhelm Wundt‚ the founder of experimental psychology and structuralism. Wundt stressed the use of scientific methods in psychology‚ particularly through the use of introspection. In 1875‚ a room was set-aside for Wundt for demonstrations in what we now call sensation and perception. This is the same year that William
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formed by the use of a subjective costbenefit analysis and the comparison of alternatives. The theory has roots in economics‚ psychology and sociology. Social exchange theory features many of the main assumptions found in rational choice theory and structuralism. Example History of Social Exchange Theory Social exchange theory has its origins in Structural Anthropology‚ Behavioral Psychology‚ Utilitarian Economics‚ Sociology‚ and Social Psychology. Social exchange theory was introduced in 1958 by the
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Chicken-Egg problem. 5. Correct An hypothesis isYour answer: a testable prediction derived from a theory. 6. Incorrect The basic units of experience and their combinations were the foundation ofYour answer: functionalism.The correct answer: structuralism. 7. Incorrect Functionalists emphasize thatYour answer: research should be done through objective introspection.The correct answer: consciousness is a continuous flow. 8. Correct Consciousness as a continuous flow is an important concept
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actions and reactions‚ mental processes include all internal covert activities of the mind. The goals of psychology are to describe‚ explain‚ predict‚ and control the behaviors and mental process of both human and animals. 2. Explain Structuralism. Structuralism is the study of the structure of the mind. It’s based on the idea that introspection could be used on thoughts as well as physical sensations. 3. What is Gestalt Psychology? A study of how sensation and perception creates a whole pattern
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theory‚ General criticisms. Conflict Theory General Propositons‚ Dahrendorh’s Dahrendorf’s Dialectical Analysis‚ Coser’s Functionalisst Analysis‚ General Criticisms. Exchange Theory General Propostions‚ Homans’ Principle of Exchange‚ Blau’s Structuralism‚ General criticisms. Symbolic Interactionism General Propositions‚ Mead’s analysis of Self & Society‚ Blumer’s theory. General Sociology Issues & Concepts‚ Sociology’s distinctive perspective and methodologies. Some general concepts: Society
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Critical Essay #2 In the following essay‚ Garrett offers six perspectives on "The Dead" by applying the principles of six different literary theories. BIOGRAPHY. Joyce once said of one section of Ulysses‚ "I’ve put in so many enigmas and puzzles that it will keep the professors busy for centuries arguing over what I meant." Similarly‚ he inserted in his writings remnants of his own life and environment‚ so that scholars scour the details of his experience‚ and the people and places that he
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The science of behavior was founded by John B. Watson in 1913 and it was termed behaviorism. Watson proposed a radically new approach to psychology‚ one that rejected to the subjectivity of both structuralism and functionalism. The school of behaviorism confines itself to the study of behavior because behavior is observable and measurable and‚ therefore‚ objective and scientific. Behaviorism also emphasizes that behavior is determined primarily by factors in the environment. The exact diction of
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of this century. It has been only recently that the physiological approach has begun to understand how the brain affects behavior and how behavior affects the brain. In the 1800’s psychology used two major approaches known as structuralism and functionalism. Structuralism approach analyses the basic elements of experiences in which people acknowledged. In effort to research mental awareness of people‚ psychologies recorded the verbal explanations of their experiences. Functionalism focused on how
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precursors of anthropology; evolutionism in all its guises; diVusionism and culture area theories‚ functionalism and structuralfunctionalism; action-centred theories; processual and Marxist perspectives; the many faces of relativism‚ structuralism and post-structuralism; and recent interpretive and postmodernist viewpoints. al a n b a r n ar d is Reader in Social Anthropology at the University of Edinburgh. His previous books include Research Practices in the Study of Kinship (with Anthony Good‚ 1984)
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