same punishment or reward‚ providing us with a UN Declaration of Human Rights‚ also in certain circumstances people instinctively have an absolutist attitude; for example cruelty to babies is wrong. On the other hand relativist judgments are always subjective‚ decreasing the fairness as people might have different losses or benefits because of their actions‚ people will also disagree on each other’s judgments. This view also stops social development; an example of this would be genocide which should
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the meaning of human experience. Welch& Polifroni(1999). The aim of this paper is to compare and contrast the philosophical paradigms of Realism‚ Antirealism‚ Phenomenology ‚ Postmodernism. To relate the Empiricism‚ Positivism‚ Historicism‚ and Relativism to the nature of scientific truth. Moreover‚ to discuss the significance of truth for nursing as a profession and as a science. The various paradigms are characterized by ontological‚ epistemological and methodological differences in their approaches
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subjectivism is the meta-ethical belief that ethical sentences reduce to factual statements about the attitudes and/or conventions of individual people‚ or that any ethical sentence implies an attitude held by someone. As such‚ it is a form of moral relativism in which the truth of moral claims is relative to the attitudes of individuals (as opposed to‚ for instance‚ communities). Consider the case this way — to a person imagining what it’s like to be a cat‚ catching and eating mice is perfectly natural
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rhetoric strive to achieve? Is rhetorical relativism vicious?” (1976‚ 259). He states that there are many ways of knowing‚ emphasizing the pluralistic nature of ‘ways of knowing.’ He believes that rhetoric should strive to achieve an actuality‚ or an agreed social construction (later it will become apparent that this facet of his argument is the one sparking the most debate). Finally‚ he attempts to dispel the positivist argument against him‚ that rhetorical relativism is vicious. This leads to some deeper
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Descriptive 2. Normative 3. Metaethics: the study of nature of ethical claims and the nature of ethical judgment. • (A) What do ethical claims mean? o Expressions of facts about the world vs. expressions of subjective opinion. • (B) What is the scope of ethical claims or judgment? o 1. Absolutism o 2. Relativism o 3. Skepticism • (C) How ethical claims are justified? o Results of reason‚ learned through experience‚ basic‚ intuitions‚ there are no sources of knowledge? Some Basic Distinctions: 1. Ethics:
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illogical and abstract elements and techniques. In his poem “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock‚” Eliot successfully brings in his formula of emotion expressing into multiple characteristics of modernism including dynamic style‚ subjective experience‚ and moral relativism (Barbour 28). Modernism primarily started from Europe‚ since people began to strongly question both of the spiritual and material perspectives of Victorian Era‚ which previously consisted for the past a hundred years; however‚
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aware of. We acquire knowledge about the world through language‚ perception‚ reason and emotion‚ but none of these ways of knowing can give us certainty. According to relativism‚ truth is relative to the individual; but the fact that we take seriously the idea that someone may be wrong in their beliefs suggests that relativism is false. Since there are few black and white certainties in the world‚ we have to rely more on judgement. An important aspect of good judgement is finding the right
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wrong‚ but this is not always the case. Given certain circumstance‚ many individuals will do what he/she feels is morally right. If a mother to be feels the need to abort an unborn child so her life can be easier‚ she will do so. The attraction of relativism depends on‚ if an individual feels what they are doing in a certain situation is worth the
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issues‚ Sage/The Open University. Wetherell‚ M. (1996b) ’Group conflicts and the social psychology of racism ’ in Wetherell‚ M. Identities groups and social issues‚ London‚ Sage/The Open University. Wetherell‚ M. and Still‚ A. (1996) ’Realism and relativism ’ in Sapsford‚ R. Issues for social psychology‚ The Open University
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always wrong – because this is what the Catechism of the Roman Catholic Church teaches; and this is the moral code that they would refer to. This is the polar opposite of a relativist approach to morality. Relativists view morality as something subjective‚ not objective – that is‚ what is right for one group is not necessarily right for others; so actions cannot be intrinsically or objectively right or wrong as in absolutist theories. Moral judgement depends on the circumstances‚ culture‚ intention
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