Case 5-1 Income Smoothing a. Firstly‚ investors tend to invest in companies with stable earnings rather than one with volatile earnings. With stable earnings‚ there will be more likely an issuance of dividends and investors could easily predict the company’s future earnings compared to one with unstable earnings. With consistent earnings generated‚ it gives investors a secured feeling that it will again generate earnings as predicted. Confidence in the growth of rate of earnings is crucial because
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the social responsibility of a business must go beyond its economic duty. The most obvious reason is that a business must be ethically responsible. The ethical responsibility brings us to what is generally expected by society over and above economic and legal expectations. Should a company only focus on profit maximization of its activities without a conscience of the consequences of its activities? It is today a prerequisite for a good corporate image to execute in a custom consistent with social
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Economic Profit and Accounting Profit When it comes to business decisions‚ there are many ways to analysis the financial status of a firm. What guidelines determine profit margin? Who uses these guidelines? How is profit used to analysis a firm and its business decisions? This paper will discuss two terms that are used to define profit: accounting profit and economic profit. The first term is called accounting profit which uses the equa-tion. The second term for profit is economic profit. Economic
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It is defined by cima as ‘a plan expressed in money’. Cash flow forecasting is the process of estimating cash inflows and cash outflows over a period of time‚ usually for a period of 1 year. Cash Budget is the process of estimating cash inflows and cash outflows over a period of time‚ usually prepared monthly. Cash flows is the amount of money flowing into and out of a business over a period of time. Cash inflows are the receipts of cash‚ typically arising from sales of items‚ payment of debtors
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Major changes in rules and regulations Since the Enron collapsed an array of new laws and regulations has been adopted to tighten corporate oversight. US offices were the first one to come out and implement the policies. Almost all of the firms had their headquarters in the US and they replicated their headquarters policies to a good extend in other offices around the world. Also other governments and regulatory bodies around the world came out with their country specific rules and regulations which
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the Levered Firm 17.1 Honda and GM are competing to sell a fleet of 25 cars to Hertz. Hertz fully depreciates all of its rental cars over five years using the straight-line method. The firm expects the fleet of 25 cars to generate $100‚000 per year in earnings before taxes and depreciation for five years. Hertz is an all-equity firm in the 34-percent tax bracket. The required return on the firm’s unlevered equity is 10 percent‚ and the new fleet will not add to the risk of the firm. a
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Question 4. What is profit? Where do profits come from? Economic theories simplify the relations among key economic concepts and enable us to understand different economic concepts. Throughout history‚ different economists in different time periods have formed diverse thoughts on how markets work by building and improving on the work of those who came before them. Therefore in order to gain a wider understanding of a particular economic term‚ it is helpful for us to investigate more than one economic
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like balance sheet‚ income statement‚ and statement of cash flow and owner’s equity with its advantages and disadvantages of preparing this statement with an example. INTRODUCTION Financial statements provide information of value to company officers and various external parties‚ such as investors and lenders of funds. Publicly owned companies are required to publish general-purpose financial statements that include a balance sheet‚ income statement‚ and statement of cash flows. Financial statements
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1) FIRM OBJECTIVES: The standard economic assumption underlying the analysis of firms is profit maximization. Real world firms‚ however‚ might not‚ and many times do not‚ make decisions based on the profit-maximization objective‚ or at least exclusively on the profit-maximization objective. Other objectives include: (1) sales maximization‚ (2) pursuit of personal welfare‚ and (3) pursuit of social welfare. Although firms are assumed to make decisions that increase profit in standard economic
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can induce a large amount of annihilation. The scientists‚ who engaged in the innovation of these weapons‚ are some of the transcendent people in the world. On account of the knowledge needed to create these bombs is extravagant. Although‚ with all what knowledge‚ these people are apparently cause a risk upon the society. The extent to which their knowledge has reached‚ has caused a cargo on society due to that if these weapons get out and put in the wrong places carelessly‚ we mankind could possibly
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