Punishment is a response-dependent environmental change that reduces the future probability of a response (Azrin & Holz‚ 1966). Punishment contingencies are frequent in the natural environment (Skinner‚ 1953); however‚ our understanding of punishment contains substantial gaps‚ and basic research on punishment has declined rapidly over the past 40 years (Baron‚ 1991; Lerman & Vorndran‚ 2002). Furthering the understanding punishment as a process would have not only basic and theoretical implications
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applied in the state of Texas in 1990s. In the strategy‚ confirmed gang members were isolated in separation wings and/or prison units‚ along with other intransigent inmates who balked at the institutional regime. Through intelligence-gathering and suppression activities appeared to work; the gang-related incidents were few and far between in Texas prisons. By sending gang members to separation units and placing them on lockdown status‚ other inmates could coexist‚ often racially integrated‚ without the
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Case Brief for: Obergefell v. Hodges‚ 576 U.S. (2015). Facts: Groups of the same sex couples sued their relevant state agencies in Ohio‚ Kentucky‚ Michigan‚ and Tennessee to challenge the constitutionality of those states bans on the same sex marriage or refusal to recognize legal same sex marriages that occurred in jurisdiction that provide for such marriages. James Obergefell (plaintiffs) in each case argued that the states statutes violated Equal Protection Clause and Due Process Clause of the
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forest through fire suppression. Wildland firefighters are significant to United States’ governed forests‚ Oregon’s forests‚ and our economy. The first recorded wildland firefighting crew was the Unites States Army‚ who was sent to protect Yellowstone National Park “in 1886 when the U. S. Army was assigned the responsibility for its protection” (NWCG). Upon the Army’s arrival they found several fires burning‚ some were in areas unreachable to man‚ so the first fire suppression techniques were developed
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Case Brief Saenz v Roe (1999) 1. Facts The facts of the Saenz V Roe case is that in 1992 the state of California wanted to change the Aid to Families with Dependent Children Program by setting a limit to new residents. By having this approved by the Secretary of Health and Human Services and having the Federal District Court implement it‚ there would a large number of new residents who would be treated unequally. By the time it became into law on April 1‚ 1997 a class action was filed to challenge
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Written around twelve years before his death in 2016‚ Scalia Dissents provides its readers with carefully selected examples of Justice Scalia’s more scathing and hard-hitting opinions. Its broad selection ranges from topics such as his interpretation of laws‚ to his stance on the death penalty‚ religious freedom‚ and
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Supreme Court Justices that hold the dissent feel that the government imposing a penalty on American citizens who chooses not to purchase health insurance is unconstitutional. The four justices that were in favor of “Obama care” believe that the government has the power to impose a penalty on those who do not purchase health insurance. The deciding vote came down to Chief Justice John Roberts. The interesting part of his decision is that he agrees with the dissent‚ that the government does not have
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delinquent behavior‚ and tasked with the responsibility of addressing a growing gang problem‚ I would seek to develop a gang control model based upon the most effective practices. Four options are available to control organized criminal activity: suppression‚ social programs and education‚ as well as the option of taking no action at all. These options will be used to develop responses to particular scenarios that are presented in light of the growing gang problem. A rationale for the chosen action
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humans typically make efforts to control emotion experiences. This leaves open the possibility that decision effects previously attributed to acute emotion may be a consequence of acute ER strategies such as cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. In Study 1‚ we manipulated ER of laboratory-induced fear and disgust‚ and found that the cognitive reappraisal of these negative emotions promotes risky decisions (reduces risk aversion) in the Balloon Analogue Risk Task and is associated with
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Article 19‚ The replacement of authoritarian regimes in Kenya and Ghana has substantially improved the situation in those countries. On the other hand‚ Eritrea allows no independent media and uses draft evasion as a pretext to crack down on any dissent‚ spoken or otherwise. One of the poorest and smallest nations in Africa‚ Eritrea is now the largest prison for journalists; since 2001‚ fourteen journalists have been imprisoned in unknown places without a trial. Sudan‚ Libya‚ and Equatorial Guinea
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