Synthesis of Cyclohexanol Author: Ahmed Ayyash 06/06/13 Introduction: In this experiment‚ cyclohexanol was prepared from an initial cyclohexene. However‚ this occurred over a number of steps‚ these are out lined below. 1. Cyclohexene + aqueous acid cyclohexyl cation 2. cyclohexyl cation + hydrogen sulphate + water protonated cyclohexanol + cyclohexyl hydrogen sulphate 3. cyclohexyl hydrogen sulphate protonated cyclohexanol + HSO4 4. protonated cyclohexanol + HSO4
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Acid rain is considered precipitation in the form of rain‚ snow‚ or fog. It is not regular precipitation. It is precipitation that is polluted by acid. Emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide into the atmosphere cause this precipitation to become acidic. These emissions are released into the atmosphere by human activity‚ such as automobiles‚ industries‚ and electrical power plants that burn fossil fuels like coal and oil. When these gases are released‚ they mix with water vapor in the clouds
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Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Amino acids bind together to form polypeptide chains‚ and these polypeptides fold and coil together into specific conformations to form proteins. There are 20 different amino acids‚ each amino acid consisting of four distinct partners. The first is a carboxyl group. A carboxyl group has very weak acids that are able to donate hydrogen ions to biological reactions. The second partner is the amino acid group. Amino acid groups act as the base which‚
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Coconut oil is a popular nutritional oil derived from the flesh of matured coconuts. Coconuts have long been a primary source of food throughout the tropics and their many industrial and cosmetic applications have made them a valuable commodity. Coconut oil is heat stable‚ making it suitable for cooking at high temperatures‚ it’s slow to oxidize‚ resists rancidity and has a shelf life of approximately two years or more (virgin coco creme created through a wet-milling process has an indefinite shelf
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GIVEN: TO DESIGN A 1000TPD CAPACITY H2SO4 ACID PLANT BASIS: 1 HOUR OF OPERATION. PURITY: PRODUCT WHICH IS TO BE MANUFACTURED IS ASSUMED TO HAVE STRENGTH OF 98% ACID. 1000TPD implies that we have Acid 1000 x 10 / 24 = 41666.67 Kg/Hr of 3 With 98% purity‚ the acid that is produced per hour = (98 x 41666.67) / 100 = 40833.34 Kg/Hr Kmoles of Sulfuric acid to be produced = 40833.34 / 98 = 416.667 Kmoles/Hr It’s assumed that overall absorption of the acid is 100 % = 416.667 / 1.0 Then‚ SO3 required
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Synthesis of Chloroform -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- With Calcium Hypochlorite and Acetone When chlorine is passed into boiling alcohol‚ both chlorination of the methyl group and oxidation of the primary alcohol group to an aldehyde occur‚ giving trichloro-acetaldehyde or chloral: When chloral is treated with caustic alkali‚ fission of the C-C linkage occurs‚ giving chloroform and a formate. Acetaldehyde and also many ketones‚ such as acetone
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ACIDS AND BASES The reason that acid-base reactions are so important is that many of the things you come into contact with on a daily basis are either acids or bases. Most fruits are acids‚ as are carbonated beverages‚ tea‚ and battery acid. Common household bases include baking soda‚ ammonia‚ soap‚ and antacids. What are acids and bases? There are not one but three common definitions used to describe acids and bases: 1. Arrhenius acids and bases 2. Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases 3. Lewis acids
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Olive oil is a fat obtained from the olive‚ a traditional tree crop of the Mediterranean Basin. The oil is produced by grinding whole olives and extracting the oil by mechanical or chemical means. It is commonly used in cooking‚ cosmetics‚ pharmaceuticals‚ and soaps and as a fuel for traditional oil lamps. Olive oil is used throughout the world‚ but especially in the Mediterranean countries. History The olive tree is native to the Mediterranean basin; wild olives were collected by Neolithic
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BRONSTED-LOWRY ACIDS AND BASES 1. The Bronsted-Lowry definition There are many definitions of acids and bases in existence‚ but the most useful one is the Bronsted-Lowry definition: An acid is a substance which can behave as a proton (re presented as a hydrogen ion‚ H+) donor. Any substance which contains hydrogen bonded to a more electronegative element can thus behave as an acid: HCl == H+ + Cl- H2SO4 == H+ + HSO4- A base is a substance which can behave as a proton acceptor. Any
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A carboxylic acid is an organic acid characterized by the presence of at least one carboxyl group. The general formula of a carboxylic acid is R-COOH‚ where R is some monovalent functional group. A carboxyl group (or carboxy) is a functional group consisting of a carbonyl (RR’C=O) and a hydroxyl (R-O-H)‚ which has the formula -C(=O)OH‚ usually written as -COOH or -CO2H. Carboxylic acids are Brønsted-Lowry acids because they are proton (H+) donors. They are the most common type of organic acid. Among
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