In 1992 the Cadbury Committee produced the very first version of corporate governance. Corporate governance is a system which helps control and direct companies. It establishes a key relationship between the board of directors and shareholders. Corporate governance aims is to look after the interests of shareholders and not directors‚ and also enhance the value of those interests. It’s believed the UK Code is cheap for businesses to adopt given the long term growth and success they will experience
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Case 1.1 - Enron Corporation ------------------------------------------------- Discussion 1 The parties we believe to be most at fault for the crisis in this case are a) the Audit Firm engaged in the Enron audit (Arthur Andersen); b) Enron Management (Kenneth Lay‚ Jeffrey Skilling‚ Andrew Fastow; and c) the SEC. The Public Accounting Firm: Arthur Andersen The auditor has the responsibility to evaluate the risk of material fraud‚ including: * Incentives and motives for fraud : Enron was a fast
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Effects of the Enron Scandal (Kassie) The Enron scandal had a great effect on the United States‚ with an impact on individuals from the consumer level to those running the company as well as the stock market and investors. Throughout the scandal‚ 4‚500 employees lost their jobs and investors lost approximately $60 billion dollars within a few days. The loss of such a large sum of money meant the loss of old-age and retirement security for many of the investors who put their money and faith in the
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Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room Enron Corporation was an energy‚ commodities‚ and service company out of Houston‚ Texas founded by Kenneth Lay in 1985. Lay built natural gas power energy in East Texas which helped Enron’s stock rise. Louis Borget‚ Andrew Fastow‚ and Jeffery Skilling were the top management executives from 1985 until 2001. Each helped to bring about the demise of the company in multiple ways. One of the first scandals in Enron involved President Louis Borget and two traders
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1. The “crisis of confidence” on the public accounting profession was not something that happened overnight and it is not the fault of one group of people or individuals. The accounting profession is partly to blame for this crisis‚ as the necessary rules‚ regulations and guidelines were not in place to hold companies and accounting firms responsible for their actions. The lack of regulations also allowed companies to partake in misleading transactions. These transactions were perfectly legal
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1. Define the problem(s) Enron failed to record some of its transactions. Arthur Andersen did not allow the LJM financial statement to stay unconsolidated. 2. Analyze the situation - again‚ take a "lessons learned" approach. You might use the following questions as guides: A. What important internal controls were ignored when LJM1 was created? LJM1 ignored some of Enron’s entries in the books that were missing. Outsiders owned less than 3% of the Special Purpose Entities equities. There was
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of Enron were the large number of highly complex accounting entries. For example energy traders were required to book all the projected profits from a supply contract in the quarter in which the deal is made. Such accounting procedures are inherently risky as they make assumptions about price forecasts which can drastically affect earnings. Another inherent risk factor is the frequency of related party transactions. The special purpose entities Enron was trading with were created by Enron and
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What can Enron do to salvage the Dabhol project and its ties to India? After nine years of an obvious debacle‚ it seems that Enron and the Indian government have reached a state of impasse‚ where a sustainable long term relationship cannot be achieved. Enron has chosen to terminate the agreement by offering to the Indian Prime Minister Enron’s 65% equity in DPC for US$1.2 billion and offshore debt for US$1.1 billion. o Various political parties have consistently used Enron as an issue to gain the
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a new generation of employees. The new director was keen to explore more customers. They audit and certificate more accounts and made larger profits for their company. Andersen guaranteed the accounts for dishonest company from John DeLorean to Enron and WorldCom. The code of ethics which Andersen against are: 1. Standard I (A) Knowledge of the Law. Members and Candidates must understand and comply with all applicable laws‚ rules‚ and regulations (including the CFA Institute Code of Ethics
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Systemic Lupus Erythematosis is an autoimmune disease in which organs and cells undergo damage mediated by auto antibodies and immune complex deposition. SLE is more common in black females (>90%) whereas it is relatively rare in white males (<10%). Female preponderance in SLE is explained by hormonal differences between genders and the genes located on the X chromosome such as TREX -1 gene which is believed to play a major role. Women of child bearing age‚ who are on oral contraceptive pill or Hormone
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