process between sellers and purchasers. In modern times‚ pricing methods and strategies have taken a number of forms. This paper is aim to explain the different types of Pricing strategies‚ more specifically the market-penetration pricing strategy. Pricing products‚ new products or existing products require the use of different strategies. For example‚ when pricing a new product‚ businesses can use either market-penetration pricing or a price-skimming strategy (Armstrong and Kotler‚ 2005)
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market risk and expected return. (1) RISK AND RETURN OF A SINGLE ASSET: Capital gains/ loss yield Current Yield Rate of Return=[Annual income/Beginning price]+[{Ending price-Beginning price}/ Beginning price] OR Total return = Dividend + Capital gain= Rate of return Dividend yield Capital gain yield R1 DIV1 P1 P DIV1 P P 0 0 1 P P P 0 0 0 (2) PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION AND EXPECTED RATE OF RETURN: E(R)=∑(i=1 to n)=p(i) *R(i)‚ where‚ E(R)=expected return‚ n=number of possible
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Overview The Risk - Return Relationship Another fundamental relationship in the study of finance is the relationship between expected return and the expected level of associated risk. The nature of the relationship is that as the level of expected risk increases‚ the level of expected return also increases. The opposite is true as well. Lower levels of expected risk are associated with lower expected returns. This RISK-RETURN RELATIONSHIP is characterized as being a direct relationship
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MKT 382 PRICING/CHANNELS FALL‚ 2011 Course Unique # 05135 (9:30 a.m.) Professor Kate Mackie‚ Ph.D. Office CBA 5.176 M (behind Executive Education‚ past Communications Office) Office Hours Tuesdays/Thursdays‚ 1:00-2:30‚ and by appointment Phone 512-288-3115 (Cell phone – feel free to call any day before 9 p.m.) E-Mail Kate.Mackie@mccombs.utexas.edu Skype katemackietx Course Web Page via Blackboard Teaching Assistants Dave Isquick (David.Isquick@mba12.mccombs.utexas.edu )
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International Pricing-15 What is a Price? * Revenue received by a business in exchange for benefits provided * Customers give-up in exchange for the benefits they receive * Costs include: money‚ time effort‚ opportunities General Factors in Price Determination * True markets (customers have options) price determined by a combo of cust/co. issues including: * Pricing obj. of business‚ business constraints‚ gen pricing strategies‚ customer influences‚ competitive forces
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Abuse of dominance: Predatory Pricing Submitted by: Radhika Sahay (Intern; May 2012 – June 2012) ------------------------------------------------- DISCLAIMER 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 5 CASES 6 LIST OF BOOKS‚ JOURNAL ARTICLES‚ REPORTS 8 LIST OF STATUTES REFFERED 11 CHAPTER1: BACKGROUND 12 CHAPTER 2: ABUSE OF DOMINANCE 15 2.1 Relevant Market: 16 2.2 Dominant Position: 20 a. Indian Position on indentifying “dominance” 20 DEFINITION OF DOMINANCE AND KEY ELEMENTS: 22 IMPORTANCE
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CHRISTIAN SERVICE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS STUDIES PRICING AND ITS EFFECTS ON CONSUMER BUYER BEHAVIOUR BY ISAAC OFORI MANU SHIRLEY ANNOR PRISCILLA ADJEI ERIC OFOLI ANANG MARY ABENA FORDJOUR JULY 2011 STATEMENT OF AUTHENTICITY We have read the university regulation relating to plagiarism and certify that this report is all our own work and do not contain any unacknowledged work from any other source. We also declare that we have been under supervision for this report herein
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product development‚ market research and other tasks that are viewed as the more interesting and exciting parts of the job. Yet pricing decisions can have important consequences for the marketing organization and the attention given by the marketer to pricing is just as important as the attention given to more recognizable marketing activities. Some reasons pricing is important include: •Most Flexible Marketing Mix Variable – For marketers price is the most adjustable of all marketing decisions
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Pricing Strategies Marketing 0571 September 27‚ 2012 Pricing Strategies Price is one of the key elements to consider when deciding which products and services to provide and where to sell them (Kotler‚ & Keller (2006). Companies face several pricing issues when selling products and services abroad. Once a company decides on which country to sell in‚ it must determine the best mode of entry. Some choices of entry are indirect exporting‚ direct exporting‚ licensing‚ joint ventures
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“What is the so-called pricing process?” Pricing is the determination of monetary amount in exchange on the commodity sold or the service rendered by the business. In pricing‚ the Business should consider the following factors that affect pricing: 1. The manufacturing or production cost. Variable and fixed costs are the costs incurred in a product or service. Examine whether the costs that have been incurred in the commodity sold or service rendered are going to be covered up by the revenue
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