of precedence and has two aspects: 1) definitional or substantial – the principle of law is found in the precedence called the ratio decidendi: the narrowest and necessary legal principle upon which a legal decision was based. This is the aspect of the case that binds future courts and must be followed. 2) Structural: what precedent cases must be followed. Rupert Cross wrote a book called “precedence in legal law” and described the structural component of the stare decisis as “every court is bound
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Sociology Notes Vocabulary: 1. Sociology- the study of human society and collective human behavior 2. Sociological Imagination- the ability to see the connections between our personal experience and the larger forces of history. 3. Social Institution- is a complex group of interdependent positions that‚ together‚ perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time. Ex: Duke University was once Normal College but changed its name but is still the same institution Ex: Legal systems‚ primary
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the existing location`s competitors‚ it should provide insight into who will be the future competitors at the new location) 2. Opinions of Owner/Operators (provide inventory for new location) 3. Product Related Segmentation * Notes: Future competitors at the new location – tim horton’s * Product related segmentation – looks at similarities of he businesses in the surrounding area * 1. Consumer Surveys The competition question in the consumer surveys‚ should provide
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Mid-Term Exam 1. Distinguish Cause of action from action SUGGESTED ANSWER: A CAUSE OF ACTION is an act or omission of one party in violation of the legal right or rights of the other (Maao Sugar Central vs. Barrios‚ 79 Phil. 606; Sec. 2 of new Rule 2)‚ causing damage to another. An ACTION is an ordinary suit in a court of Justice by which one party prosecutes another for the enforcement or protection of a right‚ or the prevention or redress of a wrong.(Section 1 of former Rule 2). 2
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promoter is one who undertakes to form a company with reference to a given project and to set it going and who takes the necessary step to accomplish that purpose - A promoter is not an agent of the company he promotes‚ as it does not exist yet. At common law‚ he cannot be an agent of a non-existent principle. - A promoter is not a trustee of the company in formation as it does not exist yet. - The English courts have held that he stands in a fiduciary relationship to the company he promotes. Erlanger v
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Properly documented * An expense of the taxpayer Expenditure is not deductable if it is… * A capital expenditure * Expense related to tax-exempt income * Illegal or in violation of public policy‚ or * Specifically disallowed by tax law Business or investment activity? – requirements have two parts * Activity must be engaged in for profit * Trade or business vs. investment classification – distinction important only to individuals * Expenses incurred in a trade or business
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ATENEO CENTRAL BAR OPERATIONS 2007 Taxation Law SUMMER REVIEWER PART I – GENERAL PRINCIPLES TAXATION – power inherent in every sovereign State to impose a charge or burden upon persons‚ properties‚ or rights to raise revenues for the use and support of the government to enable it to discharge its appropriate functions SCOPE OF TAXATION TAXATION IS: Unlimited‚ Far-reaching‚ Plenary Comprehensive Supreme STAGES OF TAXATION: (LAP) 1. Levy 2. Assessment 3. Payment Basic Principles of a Sound Tax System
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MARKETING MANAGEMENT UNIT 1 – INTRO TO MARKETING – A STRATEGIC PERSPECTIVE 1. What is marketing? 2. Why is marketing important? 3. Key Concepts of marketing * Needs * Wants * Demands * Products * Exchange * Transactions * Market 4. The evolution of marketing * Production orientation * Product Orientation * Selling orientation * Market Orientation * Societal Orientation 5. Adopting a marketing
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SAFETY General WHMIS beforehand – no messing around on anything‚ no food/drink anywhere PPE – goggles‚ coat‚ feet Treatment Skin Chem: emergency shower – TA/HS Eye Chem: eye wash – 10 mins. TA/HS Fire Emergency kill switch for gas‚ electricity and water – leave and set the alarm Stop drop and roll Apparati should be clear of any controls or switches‚ keep vapours to minimum/take need Extinguishers – on the wall inside each 1st year lab Class A - ordinary combustibles
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Tax Lesson 1 – Taxation Principles – Residence and source Corporations Agenda • Residence and Source as principles of taxation • Special case 1: The Hong Kong case • Example of tax planning based on the principle of source • Special case 2: the USA case Agenda • Residence and Source as principles of taxation • Special case 1: The Hong Kong case • Example of tax planning based on the principle of source • Special case 2: the USA case Introduction • Taxation for individuals
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