Using the material from item A and elsewhere asses the usefulness of subcultural theories in explaining subcultural crime and deviance in society. Durkheim argued that a certain amount of crime was ‘healthy’ for society and that it is deviant behaviour that provided a catalyst for social change. He said that crime and deviance are functional because the ritual of punishment is an expressive experience that serves to bind together members of a social group and establishment a sense of community;
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Using material from Item A and elsewhere‚ assess the strengths and limitations of using participant observation methods to investigate gang culture. Item A: Venkatesh was a student at the University of Chicago in 1989 when he became interested in the housing projects surrounding the university where 27‚000 people lived. He approached a group of Black youths hanging around a stairwell in one of the project buildings but instead of answering his carefully prepared questions he found himself held
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Using material from item 2B and elsewhere assess different sociological explanations of changes in the status of childhood. (24 marks) Childhood is socially constructed‚ the only reason that ’childhood’ exists is because society makes it that way. Over time childhood has changed as different norms and values over each century of life have been different and are still changing today. Also in different places of the world there are different cultures and ethics so therefore their view of childhood
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Using material from item A and elsewhere assess the usefulness of modernization theory as an explanation for differences in the levels of development of different societies. Modernization theory first arose after world war two‚ when western countries like the US‚ Britain and France all believed that capitalism was the only way to modernize countries in Eastern Europe. The different communist and capitalist governments didn’t agree on theories of modernization and so the cold war started. The first
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Using material from item A and elsewhere assess the view that working class children under achieve because they are culturally deprived. (20Marks) Culture deprivation is when people of different classes have differences in their norms‚ values‚ attitudes of education and their speech patterns. Working class parents have a lack of interest on their child’s education which leads the child to be at a disadvantage as the other middle class children will have parents who are very interested in their
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Using materials from the item and elsewhere‚ assess the view that there is little difference between scientific theories‚ religious doctrines and political ideologies. An ideology is most commonly regarded as a set of ideas and values shared by a social group. Some people‚ for example Inclusivists‚ believe that there is little difference between scientific theories‚ religious doctrines and political ideologies. This is because an Inclusivist’s definition of religion is very broad. Anything which
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Using material from Item C and elsewhere‚ assess the view that the mass media represent young people as a problem group (18 marks) Different age groups tend to be represented in different ways in the mass media. Children (up to the age of about 14) are often presented as consumers of toys and games‚ are generally presented in a positive light. However‚ the youth (from around the age of 15 to the early 20’s) are often portrayed as a ‘problem group’ in society‚ and as a major source of anti-social
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Using material from Item A and elsewhere assess the view that social class differences in educational achievement are the result of school processes such as labelling. According to Bynner and Joshi (1999) class differences have persisted since the late 1950’s. It can be seen that all studies carried out by various theorist came to the same conclusion that middle class pupils tend to do a lot better than working class in terms of educational achievement. Pupils from middle class backgrounds tend
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Using material from Item A and elsewhere‚ asses the view that gender differences in achievement are largely the result of changes in the education system. (20 marks) From the early 1990’s‚ girls have started to outperform boys at most levels of the education system‚ for example in GCSE related in subjects or A-levels. As Madsen Pirie of the New Right Adam Smith Institute states that the modular courses and continuous education today favour the systematic approach of girls‚ compared to the previous
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The cultural deprivation theory argues that many working class and black children do not acquire the basic values‚ attitudes and skills needed for educational success through primary socialisation in the family. Many cultural deprivation theorists claim that working-class families inadequately socialise their children and therefore their children are ‘culturally deprived’. There are three main aspects to cultural deprivation‚ one of them being intellectual development. This refers to the
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