child respond to different kinds of situation and stimuli is called temperament (Zeanah & Fox‚ 2004). Fundamentally‚ how a child conduct themselves in contrast with his/her environment is also considered temperament. The forerunners for the idea of temperament are Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess who illustrated to us how a child act affect parental reaction during caregiving. They are nine dimensions when considering temperament and they are all part of a child biological make-up. The nine dimensions
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Chapter 10: Health Promotion of the Infant and the Family Proportional changes (*See Table 10-1) Growth is very rapid in the initial 6 months Infants gain 150 to 210 grams weekly until approx. 5-6 mos.‚ when the birth weight has doubled Weight gain slows during the second 6 mos. By 1 yr of age‚ birth weight has tripled Infants who are breastfed beyond 4-6 mos. of age typically gain less weight than bottlefed infants Breastfed infants tend to self-regulate energy intake Height increases
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of the mother-infant relationship‚ children ’s prosocial behavior‚ and later behavioral problems. Specifically‚ mothers who were highly responsive and available to their children were more likely to have infants who developed more harmonious relationships with their mothers. Further‚ when mothers were more sensitive‚ their children were more empathic‚ more compliant with adults‚ and less likely to develop behavior problems (Sroufe & Fleeson‚ 1988). Many researchers agree that infants ’ early interactions
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CHAPTER 1 Development: systematic continuities and changes in the individual that occur between conception and death (temporary transitory changes are excluded) “Continutities” – ways in which we remain the same or continue to reflect our past 2 IMPORTANT PROCESSES UNDERLYING DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGE 1. MATURATION – biological unfolding of the individual according to species-typical biological inheritance and an individual’s biological inheritance. 2. LEARNING – process through which our experiences
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In 1989‚ Jerome Kagan‚ a professor of psychology at Harvard‚ had just begun a major longitudinal study of inborn temperament and its long-term effects‚ a study that would eventually include 498 children and would follow them from infancy to young adulthood. He suspected that some of the four month olds in the study would respond to their environment more intensely than other babies did‚ and that their “high reactive” nature would play out in the way they grew up‚ causing them to become high-strung
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References: Bor‚W.‚ Brennan‚ P. A.‚ Williams G. M.‚ Najman‚ J. M. and O’Callaghan‚ M. (2003) ‘A mothers attitude towards her infant and child behaviour 5 years later’‚ Australia and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry‚ vol. 37‚ pp. 748-55. Bell‚ R. Q. (1968) ‘A reinterpretation of the direction of effect in studies of socialisation’‚ Psychological Review‚ vol.75‚ pp. 81-95. Cox
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Virtual Child Paper: Nature vs. Nurture I have always held the belief that Nature v Nurture is not a zero-sum game. To steal a line from T.S. Elliot’s The Hollow Men‚ I believe humans are born into this world a “shape without form.” That shape‚ of course‚ is our nature; the sum of our genetic make-up and natural tendencies based on some combination of predisposition and innate sense of self. The form‚ then‚ necessarily reflects our experiences and the
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References: Braungart‚ J. M.‚ Plomin‚ R.‚ DeFries‚ J. C.‚ & Fulker‚ D. W. (1992). Genetic influence on tester-rated infant temperament as assessed by Bayley’s Infant Behaviour Record: Non-adoptive and adoptive siblings and twins. Developmental Psychology‚ 28‚ 40–47. Pedersen N. L. McClearn‚ G. E.‚ Plomin‚ R.‚ & Nesselroade‚ J. R. (1992). Effects of early rearing environment on twin similarity
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A person’s temperament style is dependent on a variety of things such as activity‚ rhythmicity‚ adaptability‚ mood‚ persistence‚ and intensity. The three types of temperament are easy‚ difficult‚ and slow-to-warm-up. An easy child is generally in a positive mood and they establish regular routines as well as adapt to new experiences. On the other hand is the difficult temperament‚ which means the child reacts negatively‚ engages in irregular routines
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environment‚ self esteem and economic standing of those surrounding the child will set the way a child will react to in a situation. Proper nurturing and nature is important for a child to develop the right kind of attitude and behaviour. New born infants are born with innate abilities such as hearing‚ taste and smell to learn but they adapt their learning through experience and the kind of atmosphere they are surrounded
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