they also exhibited enhanced anxiety-like behaviour in elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field. Depressed rats showed impaired spatial learning in the rewarded alternation task. They also showed differential morphological changes in hippocampus and amygdala. We observed decline in CA1‚ hilar region and dentate gyrus (DG) volumes with basolateral amygdalar hypertrophy (BLA). Interestingly‚ chronic treatment with NAC restored the depression-induced behavioural and cognitive deficits. We also found that
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of the aquifer in the French Alps. The company officially began life in 1789 when the Marquis de Lessert discovered the Cachat spring in the small town of Evian les-bains. The nobleman believed that the spring’s pure‚ refreshing water cured him of painful kidney stones. In 1824‚ the first spas opened in Evian-les-bains to accommodate those seeking to benefit from the medicinal properties of the spring. And two years later the Duke of Savoie granted the first official bottling authorisation
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Alprazolam (or Xanax) is a common drug prescribed to treat anxiety disorders. Anxiety is the human body’s reaction to stressful‚ threatening‚ or uncommon situations. Some individuals report feeling fear‚ agitation‚ uneasiness‚ and distress (Lee). Approximately 18% of the United States population suffers from this disorder (NIMH). The physiological processes behind anxiety must be noted to understand how Xanax treats this disorder. Anxiety will constantly cause the human body to enter a sympathetic
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Advances in brain imaging technology (BIT’s) enable us to investigate the relationship between biological factors and human behaviours in greater depth. BIT’s are used to move away from more invasive techniques of studying the brain‚ such as liasoning - intentional scarring of the brain‚ and ablation - intentionally cutting out pieces of the brain. The brain imaging technologies that will be examined are electroencephalography (EEP)‚ functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)‚ magnetic resonance
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How Does Fear Affect The Brain? There is no doubt that the brain is the most vital organ in our bodies. Ever since humans have been given the opportunity to study the brain‚ so much has been learned and understood to better the future of humanity. Many advancements are still being discovered to this day and will continue to broaden the future of neuroscience. In the brain emotions play a big role in our behavior‚ but fear seems to be the most unpleasant of all the emotions. What causes
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Within the brain‚ the main structures that determine mood and behavior are the amygdala‚ the thalamus‚ and the hippocampus. The amygdala is associated with emotions such as anger‚ pleasure‚ sorrow‚ fear‚ and sexual arousal. The thalamus is the region of the brain responsible for speech‚ behavior and movement. The hippocampus helps internalize certain events and creates long-term memory. Recent evidence identifies certain alterations in these areas of the brain in people suffering from depression
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toxic. Repeated exposure to stressful situations during childhood can cause the developing limbic system to release stress-mediated hormones and neurotransmitters effecting development of stress sensitive areas of the brain including the hippocampus‚ amygdala‚ neocortex‚ cerebellum‚ and white matter tracts. Stress response systems can also be affected‚ possibly altering the way the body response to stressful situations through processes such as neurogenesis‚ a process of synaptic overproduction and pruning
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Evaluate the extent to which cognitive and biological factors interact in emotion The definition of emotion is simply a cognitive‚ physical‚ or behavioral state. The behavioral response humans have are things like crying or taking an action upon some situation e.g. humans would run if they saw an explosion. The physiological state can be for example arousal of the nervous system and endocrine system in our bodies‚ which would lead to the production of many hormones. And finally the cognitive explanation
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and withdraw from unfamiliar situations)‚ are more vulnerable to environmental influences‚ such as social anxiety modelling by parents. Also‚ patients with SAD have been found to have a hypersensitive amygdala. In response to anxiety-inducing stimuli‚ increased amygdala activation was shown. The amygdala controls fear cognition‚ and the hyperactivation can cause people to overestimate social threats. Patients were also found to have an enlarged hippocampus depending on the different situations‚ and
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heart rate. 10. Pons nerve fibers that are on the service of the brainstem‚ between the medulls oblongata and midbrain. Involved in functions of sleeping and dreams. 11. Hippocampus the part of your brain associated with memory 12. Amygdala a group of grey matter‚ one in each hemisphere deals with feelings of afraid or upset or arousal. 13. Pituitary gland growth gland at the base of the brain‚ it produces hormones that will control other glands 14. Hypothalamus center
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