HEC Paris Financial Markets Spring 2012 Final Exam “Cheat Sheet” 0. Basic Statistics (a) Consider an n-outcome probability space with probabilities p1 ‚ p2 ‚ . . . ‚ pn . Consider two discrete random variables X and Y with outcomes (X1 ‚ X2 ‚ . . . ‚ Xn ) and (Y1 ‚ Y2 ‚ . . . ‚ Yn ). 2 The we have the following formulas for means (µX ‚ µY )‚ variance (σX )‚ standard deviation (σX )‚ covariance (σX‚Y )‚ and correlation (ρX‚Y ) µX = EX = E(X) = p1 X1 + p2 X2 + · · · + pn Xn µY = EY = E(Y ) =
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Luk’s Tax Cheat Sheet Types of Income and Net Income: Segment A: Employment Income‚ Business Income‚ Property Income‚ Other (alimony) Segment B: Taxable capital gains less allowable capital losses either + or zero Segment C: Other deductions ie. RRSP contribution‚ moving expense‚ etc. Segment D: Employment‚ business or property loss; allowable business investment loss Employment Test: Control Test: An employer has the right to tell an employee what to do‚ when‚ and how Ownership of Tools:
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Why Some Students Cheat Nowadays‚ there are many popular ways for students to cheat in exams. Some students take their notes into the examination rooms. Some students ask their friends the answers by whispering while taking the exams. And some students just try to copy the answers of students who sit in front of them without caring how similar to giraffes they are. It is interesting to focus on the question that why some students still keep cheating in exams even though they know that the punishments
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ordinary resolution for many students‚ more and more students do so every day‚ mimicking the action of their peers. Unfortunately‚ the eighty-five percent of students who cheat would prefer a higher score than the chance to grow as a learner. All of the cheating boils down to one simple concept: college acceptances. To begin‚ students cheat in order to get accepted to the college of their choice. As Kolker explains‚ students believe that‚ “College‚ more than ever‚ determines success.” As a high school
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Cyber Stalking Stalking: series of actions that would cause a person to fear death or injury Spam (Bulk email marketing) Internet version of junk mail Where do they get email addys? - legitimate companies - Newsgroup Extractors - Websites Extractors Avoiding Spam - Use phoney address - Use anonymous remailer - Use “AT” in your email address instead of @. Internet Fraud / Identity Theft Credit Card Fraud: The unauthorized use of credit cards to obtain money or property Common ways
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90%= 1.645 95% = 1.96 98% = 2.33 99% = 2.575 Hypothesis Testing *A credit card company wondered whether giving frequent flyer miles for every purchase would increase card usage‚ which has a current mean of $2500 per year. They gave free flyer miles to a simple random sample of 25 card customers and found the sample mean to be $2542 and the standard deviation to be $109. n= 25 Ho (Claim) µ=2500 OR Ha µ > 2500 *Use t-table n .50 Ha
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Shiana Gunasekera Lecture 2: GROUPS AND TEAMS *Groups/Teams – same - people with complementary skills‚ to achieve shared purpose and are held mutually responsible. *Formal Teams – officially recognised (organisational chart) and supported by the organisation for specific purposes. *Informal Teams- Natural or spontaneous relationship. No OC *Hierarchy – single person authority/performance responsibility. *Self-managed teams – decisions/complete work on own. Mutually responsible. Perform
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Notes Intention – SOCIAL OR DOMESTIC- do not intend to create legal relations. Balfour v Balfour (1912) Categories of rebuttal – The nature of the document (if drafted by solicitor) - Agreement may expressly state legal relations - Surrounding Circumstance may indicate intention Merritt v Merritt (1970) -Significant reliance on promise- consequences are sufficiently serious. Wakeling v Ripley (1951) - COMMERCIAL NATURE- do intend to create legal relations. Edwards v Skyways (1964)
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Chapter 3 Standard units tell you how many standard deviations above or below average a data value is standard units = (actual value – average)/SD actual value = average + (SD x standard units). Standard units are denoted by Z. Chapter 8 Complement rule: P(A) = 1 – P(A doesn ’t happen) Multiplication rule: P(A and B both happen) = P(A) x P(B given A happened) Q. 5 random components removed one at a time from box containing 5 defective and twenty working. What is chance of selecting all defective:
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What proportion of a normal distribution is located in the tail beyond z = +2.00? 0.0228 What proportion of a normal distribution is located between the mean and z = 1.40? 0.4192 The Z-score corresponding to the 52nd percentile is .05 A normally distributed variable has a mean of 10 and a standard deviation of 2. The probability that a value between 7 and 9 is obtained is .2417 An accelerated life test on a large number of type-D alkaline batteries revealed that the mean life for a particular use
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