Reconstruction is a challenging and critical step of the procedure with the optimal solution not yet found (14-16). The use of a vascularized septal flap‚ however‚ has been a significant advance in reducing CSF leak rates. Specific nasal morbidity may be a problem‚ with nasal crusting and discharge being the most commonly reported symptoms. Tumor characteristics less suitable for endoscopic
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Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin Increases thirst‚ reabsorption of sodium‚ ADH * Angiotensins – vasoconstrictors – act on hypothalamus – make you thirsty Type 1 – secrete ACE – defect that damaged type 1 cells? Hypotension‚ increased urine production Type 2 – secrete surfactant – defect that damaged type 2 cells? Lung collapse Same function‚ different mechanisms: * Aldosterone: Increases sodium reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubule decreasing urine output ADH: By
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infarction. • Normal sinus rhythm starts in the sinoatrial (SA) node and follows the normal conduction pattern of the cardiac cycle. o The P wave represents the depolarization of the atria (passage of an electrical impulse through the atria)‚ causing atrial contraction. o The PR interval represents the time period for the impulse to spread through the atria‚ atrioventricular (AV) node‚ bundle of His‚ and Purkinje fibers. o The QRS complex represents depolarization of the ventricles (ventricular contraction)
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM ASSESSMENT INTRODUCTION A careful and detailed clinical assessment is essential in order to assess the likely cause and severity of symptoms‚ arrange appropriate investigations and referral‚ avoid unnecessary investigations‚ and to assess individual risk of cardiovascular disease or cardiomyopathy. PREPARATION OF PATIENT • Room that is warm & “quiet” • Examining table positioned so you can stand on the patient’s right side • Explain the procedure to
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Case Study 1Question: What is atrial fibrillation‚ how is this different from normal rhythm? Answer: Atrial fibrillation is a rapid chaotic rhythm in the upper chamber of the heart. It is different than normal rhythm because normally the heart sinus node during normal rhythm; the upper chamber contracts and then the lower chamber contracts. When you develop atrial fibrillation the upper chamber suddenly starts beating at rapid rates -- 300 to 600 beats a minute‚ in a very chaotic fashion‚ and that
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The DDD pacemakers are found in patients who possess: AV block with or without sinus node dysfunction; or moderate sick sinus syndrome and AV nodal or His-Purkinje disease‚ with at least some ability to increase atrial rate with exercise. Surgical implantation of cardiac pacemakers has dramatically improved over the years. During the late 1950 ’s and early 1960 ’s when artificial pacing was first being implemented‚ patients with severe Stokes-Adams attacks
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valve 16 months ago and a Streptococcus mutans infection of the aortic valve 1 month ago. During this latter hospitalization‚ an ECG showed moderate aortic stenosis‚ moderate aortic insuffi - ciency‚ chronic valvular vegetations‚ and moderate left atrial enlargement. Two years ago J.F. received an 18-month course of parenteral nutrition (PN) for malnutrition caused by idiopathic‚ relentless nausea and vomiting (N/V). She has also had coronary artery disease (CAD) for several years‚ and 2 years ago
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Cardiovascular Case Study: Atrial Fibrillation and Oral Anticoagulation Scenario You are the nurse working in an anticoagulation clinic. K.N. is a patient who has a longstanding irregularly irregular heartbeat (atrial fi brillation‚ or A-fi b) for which he takes the oral anticoagulant warfarin (Coumadin). Recently‚ K.N. had his mitral heart valve replaced with a mechanical valve. You know that there are different PT/INR (prothrombin time/International Normalized Ratio) goal recommendations based
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arterial hypertension (PAH) is defined as a sustained elevation of the pulmonary arterial pressure to greater than 25 mmHg at rest or greater than 30 mmHg following exercise‚ with a mean pulmonary-capillary wedge pressure (an indirect measure of left atrial pressure) of less than 15 mmHg (Loscalzo‚ 2005). Someone with PAH‚ the right side of their heart has to work harder to push blood through narrowed arteries in the lungs. Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a chronic and life-changing disease that can
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student the realization hits that after all it is not as hard as it seems. Everything one doesn’t understand is taught in one class called EKG. One of the most important things to learn is the arrhythmias which are greatly different. The sinus‚ atrial‚ junctional‚ heart‚ and ventricular rhythms are all important part to learn and understand to fully complete such course. The first categories of arrhythmias which originate in the sinus node are called Normal Sinus Rhythm (NSR)‚ Sinus Bradycardia
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